Free Essays on Four Elements Of Promotion

Four Elements Of Promotion Advertising: Advertising involves paid, nonpersonal communication through various media with the purpose of informing or persuading communication through various media with the purpose of informing or persuading members of a particular audience. Advertisings main objectives for marketers to inform, persuade, and to remind. Advertising falls into two broad categories, which are, product advertising and institutional advertising. Sales Promotion: Sales promotion is marketing activities other than personal selling, advertising, and publicity that enhance consumer purchasing and dealer effectiveness. Sales promotions encourages interest from salespeople and consumer for both new and mature products, help introduce new products, encourage trial and repeat purchases, increase usage, neutralize competition, and reinforce advertising. Sales promotion complements advertising, and marketers often produce their best results when they combine the two. Public Relations: Public relations are an efficient, indirect communications channel through which a firm can promote products, although it serves broader objectives than those of other components of promotional strategy. It is the firm’s communication and relationships with its various publics, including customers, employees, stockholders, suppliers, government agencies, and the society in which it operates. Personal Selling: Personal selling is an interpersonal influence process that involves a seller’s promotional presentations conducted on a person to person basis with the buyer. Personal selling is a primary component of a firm’s promotional mix in certain, well defined conditions: 1. Consumers are geographically concentrated. 2. Individual orders account for large amounts. 3. The firms markets goods and services that are expensive, technically complex, or require special handling. 4. Trade ins are involved. 5. P... Free Essays on Four Elements Of Promotion Free Essays on Four Elements Of Promotion Four Elements Of Promotion Advertising: Advertising involves paid, nonpersonal communication through various media with the purpose of informing or persuading communication through various media with the purpose of informing or persuading members of a particular audience. Advertisings main objectives for marketers to inform, persuade, and to remind. Advertising falls into two broad categories, which are, product advertising and institutional advertising. Sales Promotion: Sales promotion is marketing activities other than personal selling, advertising, and publicity that enhance consumer purchasing and dealer effectiveness. Sales promotions encourages interest from salespeople and consumer for both new and mature products, help introduce new products, encourage trial and repeat purchases, increase usage, neutralize competition, and reinforce advertising. Sales promotion complements advertising, and marketers often produce their best results when they combine the two. Public Relations: Public relations are an efficient, indirect communications channel through which a firm can promote products, although it serves broader objectives than those of other components of promotional strategy. It is the firm’s communication and relationships with its various publics, including customers, employees, stockholders, suppliers, government agencies, and the society in which it operates. Personal Selling: Personal selling is an interpersonal influence process that involves a seller’s promotional presentations conducted on a person to person basis with the buyer. Personal selling is a primary component of a firm’s promotional mix in certain, well defined conditions: 1. Consumers are geographically concentrated. 2. Individual orders account for large amounts. 3. The firms markets goods and services that are expensive, technically complex, or require special handling. 4. Trade ins are involved. 5. P...

Biography of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Philosopher and Mathematician

Biography of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Philosopher and Mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was a prominent German philosopher and mathematician. Though Leibniz was a polymath who contributed many works to many different fields, he is best known for his contributions to math, in which he invented differential and integral calculus independently of Sir Isaac Newton. In philosophy, Leibniz is known for his contributions on a wide range of subjects, including â€Å"optimism†- the idea that the current world is the best of all possible worlds, and was created by a freely thinking God who chose this for a good reason. Fast Facts: Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Known For: Philosopher and mathematician known for a number of important contributions to mathematics and philosophy, such as the modern binary system, a widely used calculus notation, and the idea that everything exists for a reason.Born: July 1, 1646 in Leipzig, GermanyDied: November 14, 1716 in Hanover, GermanyParents: Friedrich Leibniz and Catharina SchmuckEducation: Leipzig University, University of Altdorf, University of Jena Early Life and Career Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was born in Leipzig, Germany on July 1, 1646 to Friedrich Leibniz, a professor of moral philosophy, and Catharina Schmuck, whose father was a law professor. Though Leibniz attended elementary school, he was mostly self-taught from the books in his father’s library (who had died in 1652 when Leibniz was six). While young, Leibniz immersed himself in history, poetry, math, and other subjects, gaining knowledge in many different fields. In 1661, Leibniz, who was 14, began studying law at the University of Leipzig and was exposed to the works of thinkers such as Renà © Descartes, Galileo, and Francis Bacon. While there, Leibniz also attended summer school at the University of Jena, where he studied mathematics. In 1666, he finished his law studies and applied to become a doctorate student in law at Leipzig. Because of his young age, however, he was refused the degree. This caused Leibniz to leave the University of Leipzig and earn the degree the following year at the University of Altdorf, whose faculty were so impressed with Leibniz that they invited him to become a professor despite his youth. Leibniz, however, declined and opted instead to pursue a career in public service. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. United States public domain Leibniz’s Tenure in Frankfurt and Mainz, 1667-1672 In 1667, Leibniz entered the service of the Elector of Mainz, who tasked him to help revise the Corpus Juris- or body of laws- of the electorate. During this time, Leibniz also worked to reconcile Catholic and Protestant parties and encouraged Christian European countries to work together to conquer non-Christian lands, instead of waging war on each other. For example, if France left Germany alone, then Germany could help France in conquering Egypt. Leibniz’s action was inspired by France’s king Louis XIV, who seized some German towns in Alsace-Lorraine in 1670. (This â€Å"Egyptian Plan† would be ultimately passed on, although Napoleon unwittingly used a similar plan over a century later.) Paris, 1672-1676 In 1672, Leibniz went to Paris to discuss these ideas more, staying there until 1676. While at Paris, he met a number of mathematicians like Christiaan Huygens, who made many discoveries in physics, mathematics, astronomy, and horology. Leibniz’s interest in mathematics has been credited to this period of travel. He quickly advanced in the subject, figuring out the core of some of his ideas on calculus, physics, and philosophy. Indeed, in 1675 Leibniz figured out the foundations of integral and differential calculus independently from Sir Isaac Newton. In 1673, Leibniz also made a diplomatic trip to London, where he showed a calculating machine that he had developed called the Stepped Reckoner, which could add, subtract, multiply, and divide. In London, he also became a fellow of the Royal Society, an honor awarded to individuals who have made substantial contributions to science or math. Hanover, 1676-1716 In 1676, upon the death of the Elector of Mainz, Leibniz moved to Hanover, Germany, and was placed in charge of the library of the Elector of Hanover. It Hanover- the place that would serve as his residence for the rest of his life- Leibniz wore many hats. For instance, he served as a mining engineer, an advisor, and a diplomat. As a diplomat, he continued to push for the reconciliation of the Catholic and Lutheran churches in Germany by writing papers that would resolve the views of both Protestants and Catholics. The last part of Leibniz’s life was plagued by controversy- with the most notable being in 1708, when Leibniz was accused of plagiarizing Newton’s calculus despite having developed the math independently. Leibniz died in Hanover on November 14, 1716. He was 70 years old. Leibniz never married, and his funeral was only attended by his personal secretary. Legacy Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University of Hannover, Germany. Moment Editorial / Getty Images Leibniz was considered a great polymath and he made many important contributions to philosophy, physics, law, politics, theology, math, psychology, and other fields. He may be most well known, however, for some of his contributions to math and philosophy. When Leibniz died, he had written between 200,000 to 300,000 pages and more than 15,000 letters of correspondence to other intellectuals and important politicians- including many notable scientists and philosophers, two German emperors, and Tsar Peter the Great. Contributions to Math Modern Binary System Leibniz invented the modern binary system, which uses the symbols 0 and 1 to represent numbers and logical statements. The modern binary system is integral to the functioning and operation of computers, even though Leibniz discovered this system a few centuries prior to the invention of the first modern computer. It should be noted, however, that Leibniz did not discover binary numbers themselves. Binary numbers were already used, for example, by the ancient Chinese, whose use of binary numbers was acknowledged in Leibniz’s paper that introduced his binary system (â€Å"Explanation of Binary Arithmetic,† which was published in 1703). Calculus Leibniz developed a complete theory of integral and differential calculus independently of Newton, and was the first one to publish on the subject (1684 as opposed to Newton’s 1693), though both thinkers seem to have developed their ideas at the same time. When the Royal Society of London, whose president at the time was Newton, decided who developed calculus first, they gave credit for the discovery of calculus to Newton, while credit for the publication on calculus went to Leibniz. Leibniz was also accused of plagiarizing Newton’s calculus, which left a permanent negative mark on his career. Leibniz’s calculus differed from Newton’s mainly in notation. Interestingly, many students of calculus today have come to prefer Leibniz’s notation. For example, many students today use â€Å"dy/dx† to indicate a derivative of y with respect to x, and an â€Å"S†-like symbol to indicate an integral. Newton, on the other hand, placed a dot over a variable, like á º , to indicate a derivative of y with respect to s, and did not have a consistent notation for integration. Matrices Leibniz also rediscovered a method of arranging linear equations into arrays or matrices, which makes manipulating those equations much easier. A similar method had first been discovered by Chinese mathematicians years earlier, but had fallen into abandonment. A statue of Leibniz at Leipzig University. claudiodivizia / Getty Images. Contributions to Philosophy Monads and Philosophy of Mind In the 17th century, Renà © Descartes put forward the notion of dualism, in which the non-physical mind was separate from the physical body. This sparked the question of how exactly the mind and body are related to one another. In response, some philosophers said that the mind could only be explained in terms of physical matter. Leibniz, on the other hand, believed that the world is made of â€Å"monads,† which are not made of matter. Each monad, in turn, has its own individual identity, as well as its own properties that determine how they are perceived. The monads, furthermore, are arranged by God- who is also a monad- to be together in perfect harmony. This laid down Leibniz’s views on optimism. Optimism Leibniz’s most famous contribution to philosophy may be â€Å"optimism,† the idea that the world we live in- which encompasses everything that exists and has existed- is the â€Å"best of all possible worlds.† The idea is based on the assumption that God is a good and rational being, and has considered many other worlds in addition to this one before choosing this one to come into existence. Leibniz explained evil by stating that it may result in a greater good, even if an individual experiences negative consequences. He further believed that everything existed for a reason. And humans, with their limited viewpoint, cannot see the greater good from their restricted vantage point. Leibniz’s ideas were popularized by the French writer Voltaire, who did not agree with Leibniz that humans are living in the â€Å"best of all possible worlds.† Voltaire’s satirical book Candide ridicules this notion by introducing the character Pangloss, who believes that everything is for the best despite all of the negative things going on in the world. Sources Garber, Daniel. â€Å"Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm (1646–1716).† Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Routledge, www.rep.routledge.com/articles/biographical/leibniz-gottfried-wilhelm-1646-1716/v-1.Jolley, Nicholas, editor. The Cambridge Companion to Leibniz. Cambridge University Press, 1995.Mastin, Luke. â€Å"17th Century Mathematics - Leibniz.† The Story of Mathematics, Storyofmathematics.com, 2010, www.storyofmathematics.com/17th_leibniz.html.Tietz, Sarah. â€Å"Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm.† ELS, Oct. 2013.

Television Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Television - Essay Example ITV is an umbrella phrase that covers the convergence of digital media with television technologies. The phrases enhanced television (eTV) and interactive television (iTV) are employed interchangeably. This paper will use the phrase interactive television, or iTV. Notwithstanding the technological advancement witnessed in bandwidth capabilities and the growing accessibility of digital technologies, progress towards extensive acceptance of iTV programming in many countries remains slow (Bolter & Grusin, 2006). According to O’Driscoll, (2008), television is gradually shifting from a passive, broadcast, entertainment, linear viewing experience. It is growing towards becoming a demand driven, infotainment, non- linear, participatory, advertising focused, broadband, two-way communication platform. Television viewers are becoming familiarized with the active (lean forward) model of viewing as an alternative to the conventional passive (lean back) model. The viewers are also developing the practice of processing added information simultaneously through the use of mobile devices or computers while they watch television. Television viewers are beginning to achieve as well as demand increased control over television viewing experiences. Figure 1 presents an overview of the shifting models as television viewers’ move from conventional to interactive television. According to Swann, (2009), enthusiasm in the industry has expanded and diminished with each market test and scientific advancement in the last decade. The Census Bureau in the U.S noted in 2001, that 98.2% of all households in the U.S had at least one television set. The bureau also noted that the average number of television sets per household as 2.4. The A.C. Nielsen Company noted that average Americans watch approximately four hours of television per day. In 2004, the projections revealed that average adults would watch an approximate seventy days or 1,669 hours of television.

Global Business Prespective Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Global Business Prespective - Coursework Example Companies that follow the international strategy tend to sell locally produced goods and services in foreign market while making certain amendments to their offerings in compliance with foreign market needs. 2. Product shaping is one of the diversification strategies that can be implemented by an organization through strategic management. Organizations that adopt this strategy tend to indulge in the development of a new product for a market that already exists (Hitt, 2009). For example: In India there was a strong existing market for carbonated drinks that was being served by Pepsi Corporation. Later Coca-Cola Company even started offering carbonated drinks in India. This strategy may not always be successful because the current market may already be loyal to another organization that is satisfying their needs and may be reluctant in changing from the already present provider. 3. The term franchising is used to refer to the license that one company operating in a particular nation offers to another company an individual which allows them to operate a similar company in their local regions with the same name (Hitt, 2009). Franchisors can earn revenue from franchisees by obtaining fee revenue which is an upfront payment that a franchisee pays to the franchisor for opening up a franchise with the same name. Franchisors even earn through royalties which is a certain percentage of the total revenue that has been earned by the franchisee. 4. Micro loan is a term used to refer to the money that is lent by a financial institution or the government in order to decrease poverty in their nation (Hitt, 2009). The purpose of microloan is to provide money to the poor and needy people who cannot obtain loans from commercial banks as commercial banks charge higher interests and have a very stringent repayment solution. Micro loans

The Roman Catholic beliefs and teachings about the sacrament of marriage Essay Example for Free

The Roman Catholic beliefs and teachings about the sacrament of marriage Essay The bible teaches that marriage is scared and that God intended men and women to become one through marriage. Genesis 2:21-24 In the eyes of Catholics, marriage is a sacrament. A sacrament is an outward sign of an inward and spiritual grace. When Catholics marry they believe that God ratifies their union. Jesus constantly reminded us that it is through loving that we live life to the full. The more we love, the more we live and accept Gods gift of life. In the love they share in marriage, a man and woman are called to help each other to live and love. They see it as something in which God is deeply involved in and which also involves the whole community. That is why a wedding takes place in a church. Roman Catholics believe that marriage is a covenant. The words contract and covenant are very different. In a contract a person gives in order to receive, a sort of 50 50 deal. To think about marriage as a contract is not good, because if one partner does not give the 50% for one reason or another, the relationship rests on a weak basis and more likely to fail. Marriage is a partnership between two people based on mutual Trust. A covenant is a much richer way to describe marriage, it asks for 100% effort by both partners. The word covenant goes back to the Old Testament times, when God made his promises to various people, e.g. Abraham and Moses. I will be your God and you will be my people. God was faithful to his promise of love even though the Jews often turned away from him. In the New Testament Jesus blood shed for us on the cross is described as the blood of the New Covenant. Marriage as a covenant is creative and is to be open to the procreation of Children. A Christian marriage reflects God who is love. A Christian marriage helps Christians realise that the bond of love between a married couple has not only brought them closer to each other but also brought them closer to Christ. The love of God is shown in the life of Jesus who gave his life to Gods people. Roman Catholics believe that through marriage Gods love is reflected in the love that the husband and wife have for each other. Couples share in an exclusive love like that which God showed to us in the life of his son. St. Paul made the comparison of how a married couple should love each other like Christ loves his followers. Husbands love your wives, just as much as Christ loves the church and gave his life for it.(Ephesians) St. Paul also tells us what this love is like in a letter to the Corinthians Love is always kind, patient, never jealous, it is never rude. The sacrament of marriage gives us an active insight into Gods love for us and how deeply it really is. St. Johns letter shows us a further insight into this love. God is love, and anyone who lives in love lives in God, and God lives in him Roman Catholics believe marriage is a sacrament, a sign for all to see. In celebrating the sacrament of marriage the couple invite Jesus to be with them in their love and in their married life. The marriage is a sign of Gods love for his people. In the married couple we can see a reflection of Gods unconditional love, therefore marriage is a public sign of love the couple have for each other. My children, our love is not meant to be just words or mere talk, but something real and active. Love is something that is to be lived out though each other and through the eyes of god. In the service and at the time of the sacrament the couple profess their love for each other in-front of God. We promise to love each other truly, for better, for worse, for richer In the Book of Genesis we learn more about the sacrament of marriage, It is not good for the man to be alone, I will give him a help mate. That is why a man leaves his father and mother and clings to his wife, and the two of them become one body. Marriage is only made holy in the sacrament and it is a celebration shared with a community. Roman Catholics believe marriage is exclusive. To live out the sacrament of marriage to the full the couple must be prepared to love each other exclusively and their commitment of unconditional love and fidelity for the rest of their lives. Thou shall not commit adultery is the sixth commandment and adultery is a betrayal of the permanent commitment of love that a person has made. That commitment is will you love and honour each other for life. In taking this commitment it should not be broken, trust can be lost and a parent who commits adultery betrays the children of the marriage by putting at risk the stability and secure love a family should provide. Every man should have his own wife, and every woman should have her own husband. A man should fulfil the duty as a husband and a woman should fulfil her duty as a wife. (Corinthians 7:10-11) Marriage in the Christian tradition is a lifelong commitment of one partner to the other, and is based on the teaching of Jesus on the permance of marriage. Roman Catholics believe that marriage is life giving and should be open to the transmission of new life. Marriage is life giving and it involves responsible parenthood. The love exchanged in sex creative and should always be open. Every marriage should remain open to the transmission of life. Humanae Vitae. Families develop from the loving relationship of a married couple. Will you accept children lovingly from God. The love, which is shared, is not for the couple alone instead love is always creative. In Gods plan for the world the union of man and wife was designed not only for mutual happiness but so that through their love, God could continue his creative work. Christians understand that marriage is usually an invitation from God to co-operate with him in bringing new life into the world. Roman Catholics believe that marriage is permanent. Marriage in the Christian tradition is a life long commitment. In the beginning, at the time of creation God made male and female for this reason, a man will leave his mother and father and the two will become one. Jesus underlines in these words the permanence of marriage. Catholics believe a marriage between Christians can never be dissolved so although for legal reasons a catholic may get a civil divorce the church still considers them to be married and they can not remarry in the church all the days of our lives until death do us part This shows the couples commitment to each other is for life and is emphasised in their vows. Marriage is an exclusive relationship in that married people remain faithful to each other Will you love and honour each other for life In the Catholic church only annulment or death of one partner frees a person to remarry in the church. In the Church of England they teach that marriage is for life but accepts there may be circumstances where the vows cant be kept. The church prays for forgiveness and acknowledges for some divorce and remarriage. The Orthodox Church teaches wedding vows are taken with every intention of being kept but there are times this doesnt happen thus the couple should be realised from their vows. Some free churches say it is not the death of one of the spouses that end a marriage but the death of the love between the couple, so it is better to divorce than to live a lie. All denominations teach that marriage is for life; it is when things go wrong they take a different attitude. When things go wrong separation is not the only option, there is help groups such as RELATE and ACCORD who offer guidance for the couples who are finding married life difficult, these groups try to keep the marriage permanent by solving the problems that are causing the marriage to be difficult instead of avoiding the problem which can end in divorce.

The Western Law Man and the Series GunSmoke :: Television Media TV Essays

The Western Law Man and the Series GunSmoke Gun Smoke is the story of a western law man doing his best to bring law, order and integrity to the West, a place that seems to be greatly lacking all three of those qualities. Matt Dillon is the marshal of Dodge City, and to him his job is more than a job, it is his duty. In the "Soldier" episode I listened to an interesting thing happens, Dillon makes a mistake, he arrests two soldiers-one who really doesn't deserve it-and by doing this he causes the man to get in deep trouble with the army. Dillon, though, realizes that he has made a mistake and goes to great lengths to make it right to the man, even when it means hiding him from the army. To Dillon there are times when integrity must be held higher than the law. Law is highly valued, though, in the "Gonif" episode I listened to Dillon is forced to arrest two former Civil War soldiers who have been so desensitized to death that they didn't have much of a problem at all killing a store clerk they tried to rob, but who drew a gun on them. The funny thing about the two men though, is that they are honest almost to a fault and tell Dillon the whole truth about killing the man. Dillon sees that "they are not bad men," but realizes too that they are a danger to people. He feels troubled that he must arrest them and send them to court, where they are almost certainly going to receive the death penalty, but he also feels that he must uphold the law. Dillon doesn't necessarily like that decision, but it is what has to be done in his eyes and he feels convicted to uphold the law. Dillon also sees' that Dodge must have order if it is going to be livable. When a gang comes to town in "Bum's Rush" and "Gonif" they each challenge the marshal's authority and refuse to leave town when he tells them to, so Dillon takes action. With the first gang Dillon shows how crooked the leader of the gang is and uses the local doctor as a witness to prove that instead of being a do-gooder the leader is actually trying to knock off the bank. With the evidence shown them and some strong words from Dillon the mob disbands.

Dengue Fever Essay

Abstract Dengue fever is a debilitating tropical disease caused by one of five types of the dengue virus.(1) It is transmitted by mosquitos throughout the tropics and subtropics of not only Southeast Asia, but has now spread to Central and South America, and countries in the Pacific Ocean and America as well. Usually, most people who are infected with the virus are asymptomatic, with mild symptoms, whereas others develop life threatening dengue hemorrhagic fever. The usual diagnosis of this condition is based on reported symptoms and a physical exam. Although there are still no approved vaccine or specific antiviral drug for dengue fever, many clinical developments have been implemented and a vaccine may be available in the near future. (2) Introduction Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne disease caused by a virus known as dengue virus. This virus continues to infect the human race and is a growing health problem in the tropic and subtropic areas, even with our current state of advanced technology and medical care. Dengue virus is from the family Flaviviridae and the genus Flavivirus. (3) It is a vector borne disease that occurs through the bite of an infected Aedes mosquito. The virus has 5 different types (DENV) 1, 2 3, 4, and 5. Once infected with the virus, symptoms include a sudden high fever, measle-like rash all over the body, headache, and muscle and joint pain. In small cases, the disease can develop into life- threatening dengue hemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome. Although there are methods of prevention of this disease, the cause infecting the human body still results in many cases of this  debilitating disease, probably due to urbanization increasing the habitat of aedes aegypti. (4) Currently, there is no active vaccine for this virus. However, researchers have found a candidate for a dengue vaccine that reduces the overall risk of dengue infection by 60% and may be available by late 2015. (2) Read more:  Speech on Dengue Fever History The vast history of dengue fever and aedes aegypti can date back many thousands of years ago. The earliest known records of dengue fever-like condition was found in the Chinese Medical Encyclopedia in 265-420 AD. (5) The virus aedes aegypti, spread out of Africa in the 15th to 19th centuries. There had been conveyed outbreaks of dengue fever- like symptoms since1635 in the West Indies, but it was not until 1779, when it was confirmed for the first time that dengue fever epidemic occurred in Asia, North America, and Africa almost all at once. (6) Since then, dengue epidemics have been sporadic. By 1907, it was confirmed that the Aedes mosquitos were infectious, and dengue fever was caused by a virus. (6) Outbreaks of dengue fever became more common in 1953, when an epidemic of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever first occurred in Philippines. Dengue fever epidemic first started out in Southeast Asia and spread into surrounding subtropical and tropical countries and continues to spread, even further out. Outbreaks in the Americas were rare due to the vector-control efforts in destroying the aedes aegypti mosquitos’ habitat. However, when they put a stop to destroying the dengue virus mosquitos in the 1970s, the mosquitoes repopulated most of the countries and by the 1990s, had expanded its habitation. Furthermore, a virus that was once thought to be confined to Southeast Asia, has had sporadic outbreaks with local transmission in the United States in the southern states such as Florida, Hawaii, and Texas. (7) Additionally, the dengue virus which had 4 types initially, now has a fifth serotype, which was discovered in 2013. (8) Genetics Dengue virus is a tiny virus that carries a single positive-strand of RNA as its genome within an envelope. It has about 11,000 nucleotide bases that translates ten proteins; three of these are structural proteins that form the coat of the virus and transport the RNA to target cells; and seven of  them are nonstructural proteins that coordinate the production of new viruses once the virus gets inside the cell. These proteins form a protective outer layer that controls the entry of the virus into human cells.(9) Dengue fever virus belongs to the Flaviviridae family and the genus Flavivirus. There are five types of this virus, called serotypes. The first four are known as DENV -1, -2, -3, and -4. And the fifth type was discovered in 2013. Although the serotypes may differ from one another, they have similar clinical manifestations. (10) Pathogenesis Dengue fever virus can be transmitted in the body by a single bite from an aedes aegypti mosquito. Humans are the primary host in the virus, but it can also circulate in nonhuman primates. When an aedes aegypti mosquito bites a person, the virus penetrates into the skin along with the mosquito’s saliva. The virus binds and enters white blood cells, and replicates inside the cells. When the dengue virus is injected into the skin, the dengue virus binds onto the epidermis and dermis, which results in an infection of dendritic cells. The infected cells then move to the closest lymph node, while the dengue virus genome is translated in the endoplasmic reticulum, and replicates the viral RNA. The mature viruses of the infected cells are released by exocytosis. They are then able to enter other white blood cells, such as monocytes and macrophages.(12) The white blood cells send out a signal, and respond by producing cytokines and interferons, which are responsible for the fever, the flu-like symptoms. Sometimes our bodies can accumulate too much of the virus, and can cause severe infection and can cause organ damage. Fluid from the bloodstream leaks into body cavities. And as a result, there isn’t enough blood to supply to vital organs. Furthermore, infection of the stromal cells leads to risk of bleeding. Clinical Manifestations Usually, most people with infected dengue virus are asymptomatic with mild fever symptoms. Some have severe illnesses, and in a small percentage, it can be fatal. The incubation period is usually 4 to 7 days, but can range from 3 to14 days. Common characteristics of dengue fever include a sudden fever, retoorbital pain, joint and muscle pain â€Å"breakbone fever† and a  measle-like rash all over the body. The symptoms of dengue fever occur in 3 phases: febrile, critical, and recovery. The febrile phase includes a high fever over 104 degrees Fahrenheit, a headache, nausea, and generalized weakness that lasts 2-7 days. Also, a rash and mild bleeding in the mucous membranes. After the fever resolves, the disease continues onto the critical phase. This phase includes leakage of plasma from the blood vessels and usually lasts for 2 days. This can lead to fluid collection of the chest and abdominal cavities as well as a high loss of fluids and reduced blood supply to vital organs. Extreme blood depletion puts one at a high risk of of developing dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock. Although the critical phase is rare, it is more common in kids than adults. The recovery phase is the last phase of the dengue symptoms. Resorption of leaked fluids are returned into the blood stream. Also with symptoms of severe itching and a decreased heart rate. Fluidoverload can occur in this stage, affecting the brain, which can cause seizures and/ or a altered level of consciousness. Conclusion As dengue fever cases grow in numbers, we cannot help but wonder if and when an outbreak will occur due to the new found studies of a fifth type of aedes aegyoti virus. The mosquito-borne tropical virus, has evolved out of its origin and is continuing to spread to more countries. Dengue fever is being seen more in those who travel around the world. Although this disease is deadly, it is rare and people should fully recover from these debilitating symptoms. There is no particular treatment for this disease. Treatment depends on dengue symptoms. Currently, researchers are working on a dengue fever vaccine that can reduce the risk up to 60 percent, which is supposed to be introduced and ready in 2015.

Teenagers – not as bad as they are portrayed?

Britain altering her ways, has successfully managed to keep up with the ever changing world. However the youth of our day, seem the only change society somewhat fails to keep pace with. Are we leading our teenagers forlorn? Teenagers are categorised under offenders and criminals and not to mention are covered by an umbrella of stereotypical views of which if its coverage of teenage Britain fails to cease would be a slow and gradual obliteration of Britain’s future. If society takes a step back and realises the sought of pressure left upon the shoulders of our future leaders, doctors , engineers etcetera we would come to the realisation that the strain put on them is a strain put on the nation’s future. Furthermore, as the well-being of the nation hangs in the balance it seems as if eyes are staring purposefully watch it lose its balance with the likes of the media broadcasting nothing but the negatives, painting a villainous image of which the public do nothing but believe. Although there are some teenagers who follow the wrong path, statistics show 10 percent of anti-social behaviour were committed by them and the increase of knife crime amongst teenagers increased by 2 percent over the past year however it seems statistics like this also fail to mention the other percentage of teenagers who actually do something valuable for the society such us charity work, and those whom constantly thrive in the aspiration of making the nation a good one to live in, until then the current government has to work on making this nation a bearable one to live in. The constant pressure from the media towards the teenage generation has yet to show the many good works of the youths. ‘’Back in my day†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ seems to be the reoccurring statement by the nostalgic few, the few, whom believe that without the morals and discipline of the old age teenagers today show no respect for society today, however, Do they know how it is to work in a teenagers shoes. Above all, teenagers still get along with life amongst all the turmoil: postcode wars, gang warfare and peer pressure. Being at a vulnerable stage in life, youths feel pressured into becoming the image everyone expects, seen in the small town of Lancashire where a normal boy named Tom, was bullied to the extent he committed suicide, this in itself is not accepted in society. ‘’Now I will not get to see my son lead a normal life’’ said Mrs Smith tearfully. Would the outcome be different if he spoke to someone? 2011 witnessed the London riots, often described as ‘’mindless act of violence ‘’ saw parts of London set ablaze teenagers seen as the apparent cause, could this have been prevented? Or was this just a way to gain attention from the society as they have been put on the lower end of it, always put at the receiving end of pessimistic views. Although this would be seen by some to be destructive, inconsiderate and uncalled-for , this might be what teenagers think would actually make sure their voices are heard and also make sure they have an actual say on what decisions are made about them. The life of teenagers would continue to remain a mystery to some, as times change people also change, if things do not change for the better the life of a 21st century teenager would continue to be hard.

How to Improve a Students Self-Esteem

How to Improve a Students' Self-Esteem Weve long known that when students feel good about themselves, they are much more likely to become better achievers in the classroom. Fostering can-do attitudes and building students confidence by setting them up for success and providing positive feedback along with frequent praise are essential tools for both teachers and parents. Think about yourself, the more confident you feel, the better you feel about the task at hand and your ability to do it. When a child is feeling good about themselves, its much easier to motivate them to become academically proficient. Self-Esteem Comes First Whats the next step? First of all, in order to help improve self-esteem, we have to be careful in the way we provide feedback. Dweck (1999), a proponent of the growth mindset approach,  argues that having a particular goal orientation, (learning goal or performance goal) to base feedback on as opposed to person-orientated praise will be more effective. In other words, avoid using statements like: Im proud of you; Wow, you worked hard. Instead, focus the praise on the task or process. Praise the students specific effort and strategy. For instance, I notice you selected the cube-a-links to solve that problem, thats a great strategy. I noticed that you didnt make any computational errors this time! When using this type of feedback, youve addressed both self-esteem and youve supported the childs motivational level for academic goals. Tips for Building Self Esteem Self-esteem is important in and out of the classroom. Teachers and parents can support self-esteem by remembering some of the following: Always accentuate the positive: Do you ever notice those suffering from a low self- esteem tend to focus on the negative? Youll hear statements like: Oh, I was never any good at that. I cant keep friends. This actually indicates that this person needs to like themselves more!Give children the opportunity to tell you 10 things they like about themselves: Prompt them to state things they can do well, things they feel good about. You will be surprised at how many children suffering from low self-esteem have difficulty with this task - youll need to provide prompts. (This is also a great beginning of the year activity)Avoid criticism: Those suffering from low self-esteem struggle the most when given criticism. Be sensitive to this. Always remember that self-esteem is about how much children feel valued, appreciated, accepted, loved and having a good sense of self-worth. Having a good self-image. Understand that as parents and teachers, you play one of the biggest roles in how good or ba d a child can feel about themselves. The influence of a parent or teacher can make and break a childs sense of self-esteem. Dont abuse it. Expectations must always be realistic: This goes along with setting children up for success. Differentiated instruction is key and goes a long way to ensure that teachers know their students and ensures the types of tasks/expectations match the childs strengths and ability levels.See the learning in errors or mistakes: Turn mistakes inside out and focus on what was or will be learned from the mistake. This helps a child focus on the positive, not the negative. Remind students that everyone makes mistakes but its how those mistakes are handled that makes the difference. We need to see them as learning opportunities. Powerful learning can often be the result of a mistake made.Self-esteem is an important component to almost everything children do: Not only will it help with academic performance, it supports social skills and makes it easier for children to have and keep friends. Relationships with peers and teachers are usually more positive with a healthy dose of self-esteem. Children are also better equipped to cope with mistakes, disappointment, and failure, they are more likely to stick with challenging tasks and complete learning activities. Self-esteem is needed life-long and we need to remember the important role we play to enhance or damage a childs self-esteem. Reference: Dweck, C. S. (1999) Self Theories: Their Role in Motivation, Personality, and Development. Hove: Psychology Press, Taylor and Francis Group.

APA Referencing †How to Cite a YouTube Video

APA Referencing – How to Cite a YouTube Video APA Referencing – How to Cite a YouTube Video Not that long ago, the idea of citing a YouTube video in an academic paper would have sent some old-fashioned college professors into fits of outrage about how young people don’t understand what proper research is all about (i.e., dusty old books). WHATS A YOUTUBE? I DONT LIKE CHANGE! These days, however, there’s no denying that YouTube and other online videos can be crucial academic sources in many subject areas. As such, knowing how to cite an online video source is increasingly useful. Herein, we look at how to do this with APA referencing. Citing a YouTube Video Citing an online video involves giving the uploader’s name and the year that the video was uploaded in parentheses. For instance, a video uploaded in 2016 by the cultural critic Anita Sarkeesian to her Feminist Frequency YouTube channel would be cited as follows: The trope of the sinister seductress is pervasive in video games (Sarkeesian, 2016). Here, we cite the â€Å"author† of the video because it’s hosted on her own channel. If you’re quoting part of a video directly, the citation should also include a time stamp: In the video, Nicky Clayton and Clive Wilkins discuss the â€Å"capacity to convey and understand ideas non-verbally† (TEDx Talks, 2013, 3:37). You’ll notice here that, despite the talk being by Nicky Clayton and Clive Wilkins, â€Å"TEDx Talks† is the name given in the citation. This is because the â€Å"TEDx Talks† channel hosts videos by numerous speakers, so Clayton and Wilkins are not the uploaders. Reference List As with other sources, full publication information should be included in the reference list for any online videos you cite in your work. For a YouTube video, this involves providing the following: Surname, Initials. [Screen name]. (year, month day). Title of video [Video file]. Retrieved from URL.com You’ll notice that this includes both a name and a screen name. This helps readers find the video when the uploader’s real name is different to their username. In the case of the Anita Sarkeesian video cited above, for example, you’d need to provide both: Sarkeesian, A. [Feminist Frequency]. (2016, September 28). Sinister seductress tropes vs women in video games [Video file].   Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1oXzWzMqarU If a channel doesn’t provide the uploader’s real name, only the screen name is required: TEDx Talks. (2013, August 19). Conversation without words: Nicky Clayton Clive Wilkins at TEDxOxbridge [Video file].   Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-iavquY2OFo It’s important to remember that the name you should cite in the main text of your work is the same one used to list the source alphabetically in the reference list.

Dominican Hair Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dominican Hair - Essay Example These groups include the; Taà ­nos (who are the Indigenous group), the Spanish (who were the colonizers), and the Africans (brought majorly as slaves into the country). Nonetheless, the Dominican nation has long ignored its heritage’s African part, in its place describing itself as â€Å"Not black,† This is so, even as people accept that almost everyone has some Black heritage and ancestry. This whole idea of national identity presents exacting challenges for Dominican immigrants to the United States, who are over and over again perceived by Americans as black and forced to negotiate for new ethnical and racial landscape. According to Ginetta E. B. Candelario  Ã¢â‚¬Å"the Dominican nation has all along selected to disregard the African customs and traditions†. She says that, the social and racial dynamics of the Dominican identity is majorly promoted by staff, customers and owners of salons. This is in particular with consideration to the concepts of African Vs European hair, further categorized as â€Å"bad† and â€Å"good† hair respectively. Candelario shows how clients and staff of salons had preferences to certain hair styles which were in photograph form in books. This is an exacting proof and confirmation of the anti- black preferences by the Dominican, and appraisal of the whites. In spite of this, what these women found as being most gorgeous and eye-catching were the people whom they analyze as having the signs of ethnic and cultural mixture connected to Spanish-speaking countries, and in particular those of Latin America. Candelario does well in trying to contradict the entrenched whiteness preference by showing various occasions when these preferences were disregarded, as well as by showing that there was an existence of diverse sorts of whiteness. Candelario shows that, Salons were the principal places where women were encouraged to internalize and endorse certain manners. The manner of seeing and doing things through racial