Queen Elizabeth 1 essays

Sovereign Elizabeth 1 expositions Elizabeth I was the sovereign of England from 1558 to 1603. During this time she rolled out numerous extraordinary improvements for England. She never wedded and managed England by her self. Numerous individuals view her as the best sovereign in England ever. The individuals of England had extraordinary regard for her and she had regard for the individuals. Elizabeth I was conceived at Greenwich Palace on September 7, 1533. She was the girl of King Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn the second of his six spouses. Before Elizabeth contacted her third birthday celebration her mom was guillotined on charges of infidelity and conspiracy. Lord Henry gave little consideration to her and moved Elizabeth to a house in the nation. Elizabeth was furnished with brilliant mentors and cherished learning. She figured out how to communicate in five distinct dialects including Greek, Latin, French, and Italian. One of her coaches wrote,Her steadiness is equivalent to that of a man, and her memory long keeps what it rapidly gets. She talks French and Italian just as she does English. At the point when she composes Greek and Latin, nothing is more wonderful than her penmanship. She amuses as much in music as she is able in it. Ruler Henrys third spouse, Jane Seymour, brought forth Edward VI. Lord Henry passed on when Edward was just ten years of age. Elizabeths relative became beneficiary to the seat at age ten. He kicked the bucket in 1553 and Elizabeths stepsister from her dads first marriage, Mary became sovereign. Sovereign Mary doubted Elizabeth, who was next to be sovereign. Elizabeth gave a valiant effort to stay away from governmental issues while Mary was in power yet went under doubt in 1554. Sovereign Mary was a Catholic and Elizabeth was a protestant. A protestant uprising known as Wyatts Rebellion attempted to overwhelm Queen Mary however fizzled. Sovereign Mary associated Elizabeth with helping plot the uprising. Elizabeth went through two months in prison while and examination was held. No proof of Elizabeth submitting a ... <!

Yanomamo Essay -- Anthropology

Yanomamo The Yanomamo are a clan of twenty thousand who live in around 200 and fifty generally scattered towns in Brazil and Venezuela. It was first idea that the Yanomamo were a gathering of tracker gatherers, however in spite of that idea they really develop their own harvests for food. They likewise chase and scrounge, yet just varying. While the Yanomamo travel for a little while when the wilderness foods grown from the ground are ready, they are an innate society settled in towns, which break into little gatherings to go off on gathering undertakings. During such campaigns, game, for example, wild pigs, huge and little feathered creatures, monkeys, deer, rodents, and insect eating animals, are pursued. The greater part of the Yanomamo food, in excess of 80%, is developed in their town gardens. The size of the nursery is directed by the size of the family it must take care of. Since town headmen will have the duty of engaging guests and supporting banquets, they plant and care for bigger plots. Plantain is their most significant trained harvest. Manioc, taro, and yams are likewise developed alongside stick, utilized for bolt assembling, and tobacco, a harvest of focal significance. All ladies, men, and youngsters bite tobacco every day and watchman it enviously. The Yanomamo word for being poor is actually interpre ted as without tobacco. Cotton is likewise developed in the town nurseries to give the materials to loungers and garments. The Yanomamo imagine the universe as having four layers floating at...

What Projects and How to Delegate Them to Virtual Assistant

What Projects and How to Delegate Them to Virtual Assistant Every entrepreneur faces a time in his life where the business tasks become too impossible to be handled by a single hand. The success of every entrepreneur depends on his/her ability to prioritize and therefore at some point it becomes a compulsion to hire a helping hand, which will take care of low priority tasks so that the entrepreneur can handle the high priority work and take the business ahead.Businessmen who try to tackle everything on their own from responding to emails, attending meetings, updating social media profiles to handling clients end up working poorly on all these tasks. Therefore, to enable each task (no matter how small) to be performed well, an entrepreneur must acquaint him/herself with the art of delegation. In such a situation, it is important to know the tasks that need to be delegated to a virtual assistant. © Shutterstock.com | Syda ProductionsIn this article, we explore 1) what to delegate and 2) how to delegate the projects to virtual assistant.WHAT PROJECTS TO DELEGATE TO VIRTIAL ASSISTANTHiring a virtual assistant to help with business tasks is probably the best decision an entrepreneur or business owner can make. However, after this process is done, most businesses struggle to find out the tasks they should delegate. In such a situation, an entrepreneur should ask himself,“What can I possibly delegate to a virtual assistant?”Virtual assistant services have become very diverse and, therefore, a VA could assist a business with basic clerical tasks to becoming a direct contributor in the number of sales a business makes. It all depends on the requirements and nature of the business. You can practically find a virtual assistant for any service, no matter how complex it may be in nature.An entrepreneur should know which tasks need to be delegated initially, which tasks to let go of and the systems that need to be put in place for effective delegation. The initial period of delegation can be difficult and can acquire most of an entrepreneur’s time.Here are some basic tasks / projects that an entrepreneur can delegate to the virtual assistant:AdministrationMajority of the entrepreneurs hire VAs to perform basic administrative tasks such as:Managing Emails: Managing emails is time-consuming and does not involve any monetary gains. Therefore, it mostly stands in the way of high priority tasks. Let your VA manage the admin email account along with your personal email account and ask him to you updated on any important news.Handling Contacts: Collecting and maintaining records of contact information is an important business task, which is easy to perform and, therefore, should be delegated to a virtual assistant. Provide your virtual assistant with your shared address book to add up contacts from business cards or sync them digitally over different channels such as phone contact book, Facebook, Skype, etc. Also, ask for at least two backups of all the contacts.Invoicing: This task involves a lot of repetition and hence must be delegated. Let your virtual assistant track, receive and send your business invoices.Travel: Booking tickets and managing travel-related tasks are quite simple but very time-consuming. Let your virtual assistant deal with your ticketing and ask for your itinerary to be synced directly in your mobile phone.Scheduling: Setting up a shared calendar is important so that you can delegate the arrangement, scheduling and management of the calendar. Delegate handling of appointments to your virtual assistant. Have the calendar directly synced to your phone so that whenever your VA confirms a meeting, you can check it instantly.Track Projects: Administrating project deadlines and operations can be a difficult task for busy entrepreneurs. Use a shared project platform to receive status updates in real-time.Travel management: A virtual assistant who is already familiar with your business work environment and your method of running core tasks can take over your complete business administration while you are away on a vacation.Expense management: Organizing receipts and expenses is probably the most hated task of entrepreneurs. Ask your virtual assistant to manage your expenses and save their documents and images via Dropbox.ResearchFrom a simple project related online searches to complex competitor analysis, you can delegate research to your virtual assistant to save a lot of time. Let you virtual assistant conduct research for a new idea, presentation, or meeting. For complex searches, set up white board-sharing online calls for effective two-way communication and collaboration.Proofreading and PreparationVirtual assistants can greatly take up the role of another set of eyes for your business and help you in proofreading of all sorts. Let it be documents or presentations, enable your VA to go through them and correct them for any grammatical errors. Moreover, a virtual assistant can also help you in preparing for any presentations or meetings you have.IT DesignRather than hiring IT Design freelancers to get the business logo developed, entrepreneurs should focus on hiring virtual assistants that deal with design for in-house development. This is both cost effective and efficient for businesses. Let your VA develop logos, graphic spreadsheets, illustrations for your social media profiles, e-book covers, website design and more. A virtual assistant having these capabilities can also be delegated the work of video creation for your YouTube, Google Hangouts, or Vimeo channels. You can always collaborate with your VA throughout the design development process so that you get exactly what you want minus the time wastage.MarketingAfter administrative work, marketing is the second most famous field that gets delegated to virtual assistants. It is creative in nature because it includes work such as community or social media management, marketing research and report development, internet marketing, maintenance and building of email marketing and management of blogs.Entrepreneurs can delegate everything in this field that belongs to marketing let it be management of pay per click ads or responding to users’ comments and feedback to increase user engagement. This is extremely time-consuming and requires a lot of dedication, which is why it is highly recommended to be delegated.HOW TO DELEGATE THE PROJECTS TO VIRTUAL ASSISTANTPrior to task delegation, entrepreneurs need to understand which tasks need to be delegated and why. There are many reasons why a task could be delegated to a virtual assistant, for instance:If the task is repetitive, boring and easy to doIf an entrepreneur has other high priority tasks to focus onIf the task requires a particular skill set to be performedIf the entrepreneur is planning to travel and needs someone to take care of the administrationI f there are too many tasks to be performedBefore an entrepreneur sets out to develop a list of tasks to delegate to a virtual assistant, he/she must track their routine activities for at least a week and then breakdown the activities in the following categories:Critical tasks (business management and planning)Important but routine tasks (bookkeeping, writing reports, attending phone calls and responding to emails)Important but non-critical tasks (file management, data backup)Critical tasks contribute directly to the aims and goals of an entrepreneur, and, therefore, these tasks require the maximum attention and time.There are numerous tasks from the second category that can be effectively delegated to a virtual assistant. These routine tasks are very easy to conduct so you will not need a VA with specific expertise to perform them at their optimal. Moreover, you will not even be stressed about how they are being performed. The tasks belonging to the third category do not require dai ly attention and hence can even be postponed until all the important work is done.It is not a good idea to delegate all the tasks at once. Building a pace is important, so start by delegating tasks that you are finding difficult to deal with, the ones you find boring and those that drain your time or energy to perform critical tasks. For each task that you are about to delegate, you must ask yourself, “What will be my stress level and how much free time will I have if I delegate this task to my VA?Bringing a virtual assistant into practice The on-boarding period of a virtual assistant depends on the type of work a va should do, from one to three weeks. During this time, you should familiarize them with your business, tell them about your work ethic and give them any related or important training.The first thing every entrepreneur should do is to welcome the virtual assistant and make him/her feel like an important part of the team. Write your VA a welcome message or have your init ial video call with them on the first day. This will just ensure that positivity is exchanged before you start delegating important tasks.You need to also clarify all the technology that you use for communication and project management. Some businesses have paid project management systems while majority of the businesses make use of free online project management and communication tools such as Microsoft One Drive, DropBox, Google Drive, Google Hangouts and Skype. Virtual assistants need to be guided by all the technology and how each task should be performed so that they do not keep on asking questions later on.Here are some vital steps and tips that should be followed to ensure that tasks are well delegated:Create lists and provide step by step instructionsPrepare lists for all the tasks that a VA need to perform. You should break them down into daily, weekly, and assorted tasks so that your VA knows when and how often a task needs to be performed. You should also make sure that y our list tells the VA about the priority of each task so that high priority tasks are completed before as compared to the middle or low priority tasks.This information will help the VA to set time for each activity and become more efficient at performing tasks. Similarly, an entrepreneur can use screen-recording software to create videos for the virtual assistant on how tasks need to be performed so that they can use them as reference in the future.Create Shared RecordsEntrepreneurs must create shared records using Google Drive to share information with their VA and to guide them in the tasks that need to be handled. You can incorporate numerous tracking videos and spreadsheets to help your VA in the workflow. Moreover, you can indicate the status of tasks and their priority in these records only. This will keep you updated on when a certain task gets completed or any query that your VA might have. This will enable an entrepreneur to later on assess the work done by the VA. Entrepre neurs should have the link to these records bookmarked on their mobile phone’s browser so that they can easily check the status with ease.Keeping all your payment and password details in some type of a free or paid shared record is also advantageous. Most businesses use Dropbox for this purpose. This should comprise of all the information that you want your virtual assistant to access like your credit card numbers, important login data, addresses, contact information, etc. Similarly, you can ask your VA to back up your contacts from your online accounts and phonebook and save them in the shared folder. Your VA can also save new passwords to this shared folder. This system will provide you with peace of mind, ease, and clarity that will only make your workflow a lot better.Communication is importantMajority of the entrepreneurs fall into the habit of keeping the phone calls or emails with their virtual assistants to minimum, but it should be understood that communication is importa nt in increasing the effectiveness of the workflow and in training the virtual assistant. Technology has made it very easy to maintain communication.If you are working via Skype, you can stay logged in via your smart phone so that you can easily receive calls from your virtual assistant. Similarly, you can enable to receive notifications on your phone anytime you receive an email in your inbox. If you have delegated the task of checking emails to your VA, make sure that you create an email address only meant to stay connected with your VA so that you do not get disturbed by the notifications of other emails. Communication should be particularly maintained in the first month of hiring so that your VA can effectively understand the work and get trained in all different aspects.Follow-upIn the first month, make sure that you ask for daily work updates and recaps to ensure that everything is going fine. This will help you in reviewing the amount of time on different tasks. You should pr ovide feedback to them so that they can improve on the work ethic. For instance, if you think they are spending too much time on one thing or too little time or another, you can guide them and tell them how much time they are supposed to spend on a given task. Constant feedback from your end is required at all times to increase the efficiency of the work and VA training.Encourage and foster good working relationsKeep your VA thoroughly involved in different things that you are working on so that they truly feel like an important part of your business. If the VA respects you and your business, he/she will ensure high-quality work. Moreover, keep on praising them for their good efforts and keep them encouraged for better future work. Also, ask for their suggestions where required.Share Your VisionCommunicate your vision with your VA and help each other to perform tasks optimally. For instance, you can tell your VA about your free timings and ask him/her to notify you about any urgent tasks at those timings. If you have particular goals set for a certain work type such as finance managements or social media, make sure that you communicate those goals with your VA. This will ensure that your VA understands your purpose of hiring them and will also provide them with a goal to reach, which will increase their motivation to work.Build a RapportA good friendly work environment is worth the effort and time when it comes to a virtual assistant. Therefore, if possible, an entrepreneur should take out time to meet the VA in person before getting the work started. For this reason, it is recommended that you hire a VA that belongs to the same city as you, unless you want business operations of a different city to be tackled.Make your communications with the VA very personalized so that they know what kind of a person you are and can respect your business idea. This will foster two-way respect and friendship that will only be beneficial for your work. When you make your VA y our friend, they will go out of the way to promote your business or brand and will make sure to do everything they can do for you advantage.Analyze the strengths of your virtual assistantYou should know the abilities and skills of your VA. Numerous virtual assistants provide general services such as providing customer support, setting reminder and booking flights. However, there are specialized tasks that need certain expertise to be performed. Therefore, if you know the skills of your VA, you will know which tasks you can assign to them without wasting your time and energy in trial and error.

The Government Accountability Office Is A Challenge For...

The Government Accountability Office has pointed out that the important practice of effective risk management is a challenge for the Congress and the administration. Risk management is a strategic process in helping policymakers to make decisions about assessing risk, and having limited allocating resources in taking action under conditions of uncertainty (GAO, 2008). However, with the policymakers recognizing the risk management, it helps them to make informed decisions, while Congress and the administration have charged federal agencies to use a risk-based move to prioritize resource investments. In addition, the federal agencies often do not have enough comprehensive risk management strategies that merge well with the program, budget, and investment decisions (GAO, 2008). Between combing the approach of risk management, the process of decision-making is very difficult for any organization. In addition, it has been reported that the GAO says it is particularly difficult for the Dep artment of Homeland Security (DHS) to be given its diverse set of responsibilities. Homeland Security is responsible though for all hazards in the homeland security risk from natural disasters, industrial, and terrorist attacks. Experts have provided the history of natural disasters with the extensive historical data used to assess risks (GAO, 2008). However, to compare the data about those terrorist attacks are comparatively limited with both sides and are adaptive nature of our enemiesShow MoreRelatedThe Government Accountability Office : A Challenge For The Congress And The Administration1313 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Æ' The Government Accountability Office has pointed out that the important practice of effective risk management is a challenge for the Congress and the administration. 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Another important elementRead MoreEvaluation Of The Article Program Evaluation Essay1398 Words   |  6 PagesManagement and Policy Making discusses the United States Government Accountability Office attempting to view how various federal agencies utilize program evaluations The Government Accountability Office (GOA) â€Å"examines the use of public funds; evaluates federal programs and policies; and provides analyses, recommendations, and other assistance to help Congress make informed oversight, policy, and funding decisions†( U.S Government Accountability Office, 2013, p. 1). The article discusses a sample of 4,391Read MoreImpact Of Cybercrime Today : Government And Private Industry Through Information Sharing Methods1354 Words   |  6 Pagesforcing government and security agencies to place focus on cybersecurity within government, private, and public sectors. 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Americanization in France Essay - 1033 Words

Americanization in France As I sit outside my favorite cafà ©, drinking wine as the sun slowly dies off into the twilight of dusk, I hear the most obnoxious noise. It is a few teenagers trying to speak their best English. I watch them for a few minutes, and I am disgusted. If these children represent the future, I weep. I see a whole generation with no direction, no true love of their beautiful country, no nationalism in them. Instead they wear blue jeans, and drink that despicable liquid called ‘Coca-Cola’. These younger generations are imitating a society across an ocean. I see restaurants grilling up American cuisine’s and California wines. Youths are wearing American brand clothing, and traveling to America to tour their†¦show more content†¦Our on consumption does not stop with the cafà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s or the stores where we buy our food, but goes deeper into our society. American business has taken away our identity buying trying to get onto our economy and setting the sta ndard for us. America is crawling into our society not only by food and movies but also through our economy, and businesses. Look at Frigidaire, Remington Rand-France and Simca, all three of them are foreign owned, or actually U.S. owned and two of them received massive layoffs, without notice, with no help in finding another job. We need to curb this foreign investment of French businesses and economy, it is our economy, let us control it. We should be weary of American investors, they are so big and overwhelming to our homeland producer’s competition is impossible. As America comes into France and takes over the manufacturing industry they are helping our economic growth. The size of these companies are so enormous that their ability to sustain economic depression is in not question. The question should be, with America’s ability to produce money and buy each other out buy ruthless takeovers acquiring 51% of their stock, what happens when companies get bought out? Then what, as we have learned from past American companies, lay-off’s happen without a thought to the employee. We are not looking to get rid of foreigners, or what they bring to the table, what I think we should look to do is control. IShow MoreRelatedEssay On The Devil In The White City883 Words   |  4 PagesWorld’s Fair that was held in Paris, France. This was accomplished by the Eiffel Tower and all of its glory. As Erik Larson explains himself, not only did its magnitude show how skilled France’s architects can be, but also â€Å"offered graphic proof that France had edged out the United States for dominance in the realm of iron and steel†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Despite showing a lack of accomplishments at this fair, America was able to have one good aspect from it all; Americanization across the European area. 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The nature of skills Free Essays

Skills represent your talents, abilities, and aptitudes – in short, what you are good at doing. Skills are built gradually by repeated training or other experiences. They may be, manual, intellectual or mental, perceptual or social. We will write a custom essay sample on The nature of skills or any similar topic only for you Order Now (Source: I) Skills are built gradually by repeated training or other experience. May also be defined as any competence possessed by someone; in an employment using there hands well among manual workers. The acquisition of skill is a tortuous process that takes us through the following sequence: 1. Unconscious incompetence This is the stage when ignorance is bliss, when it looks easy and you don’t realise how much there is to it. In an example of a skilful presenter to the observer, he may be performing the task effortlessly. 2 Conscious incompetence This is the realisation that, when you first try to emulate the skilful performer, you can’t do it. This is an unpleasant discovery which may shock you into giving up and returning to the relative comfort of stage 1. 3 Conscious competence This stage is hard work! It is when you are able to do a competent presentation, but only by investing an enormous amount of conscious effort into every aspect of it. You have to force yourself to make adequate eye contact with the audience and to stand still. You have to force yourself not to talk to the visual aids and to synchronise your gestures with your main messages. This is such hard work that you may decide that it isn’t worth the effort and abandon your attempt to acquire the skills in question. 4 Unconscious competence This is the skilful stage when you too can do professional presentations effortlessly! Even this, however, isn’t the end of the story, because of the real danger of complacency creeping in. The more skilful you are, the more you tend to cut corners which, if unchecked for long periods, degenerate into bad habits. The answer is to drop back to conscious competence every now and again to check things out and eradicate the bad habits. (Source: iii) The four basic learning strategies are as follows; 1. Trial and Error 2. Being Told or Instructed 3. Copying or imitation 4. Thinking for yourself (class notes 4rm 26-11-02) A perfect example illustrating the application of the methods outlined above would be acquisition of Social competence (Source; II) DEVELOPMENT AND IMPROVEMENT OF VARIOUS DIFFERENT TYPES OF SKILLS Various different types of skills to be outlined in TASK 2 can be developed and improved through a number of processes the main ones being: 1. Learning 2. Education 3. Training; this is a planned process to modify attitude, knowledge or skill behaviour through learning experience to achieve performance in an activity or range of activities. 4. Personal development; an inevitable process which is unique to each individual, and which enables that individual to develop, increasing knowledge, skill, moral values and understanding. 3rd TASK SUMMARY OF FINDINGS FROM PREVIOUS TASK I believe that by carrying out this ‘skills audit’ on myself to fulfil the requirement of the set task 3, I will gain further incite into the current level skills and with that in mind I should hopefully be able to identify the sklls that require more attention in future. Communication I speak to others with ease and clarity, giving information and explanations which are clear and easily understood. I have identified that I need to improve on this by listening actively to others. Motivation Showing a lot of energy and enthusiasm is always good for motivation; I need to do this a lot more in order to improve the current skill level. Delegation This is a task that I readily seem to take for granted, in order to build a reflective team I will need to focus more on this aspect of leadership and attempt to increase my capabilities in it. Decision – making I have to always evaluate the alternative lines of action in order to make appropriate decisions. Lots of information is also required to help this process. Strength My strength is self-confidence and understanding what my weaknesses are. I try to be as realistic and am willing to learn from past failures and successes. I’m reliable and I can cope with pressure and control my emotions. Weaknesses My main weaknesses may lie in time management, a skill which performed in a grouped situation I able to cope with, but individually on a task, I will need to work upon suggestion include planning more effectively. How to cite The nature of skills, Papers

The Phenomenon Of Bipolar Affective Disorder Has Been A Mystery Since Essay Example For Students

The Phenomenon Of Bipolar Affective Disorder Has Been A Mystery Since Essay the 16th century. History has shown that this affliction can appear in almost anyone. Even the great painter Vincent Van Gogh is believed to have had bipolar disorder. It is clear that in our society many people live with bipolar disorder; however, despite the abundance of people suffering from it, we are still waiting for definite explanations for the causes and cure. The one fact of which we are painfully aware is that bipolar disorder severely undermines its victims ability to obtain and maintain social and occupational success. Because bipolar disorder has such debilitating symptoms, it is imperative that we remain vigilant in the quest for explanations of its causes and treatment. Affective disorders are characterized by a smorgasbord of symptoms that can be broken into manic and depressive episodes. The depressive episodes are characterized by intense feelings of sadness and despair that can become feelings of hopelessness and helplessness. Some of the symptoms of a depressive episode include anhedonia, disturbances in sleep and appetite, psychomotor retardation, loss of energy, feelings of worthlessness, guilt, difficulty thinking, indecision, and recurrent thoughts of death and suicide (Hollandsworth, Jr. 1990 ). The manic episodes are characterized by elevated or irritable mood, increased energy, decreased need for sleep, poor judgment and insight, and often reckless or irresponsible behavior (Hollandsworth, Jr. 1990). Bipolar affective disorder affects approximately one percent of the population (approximately three million people) in the United States. It is presented by both males and females. Bipolar disorder involves episodes of mania and depression. These episodes may alternate with profound depressions characterized by a pervasive sadness, almost inability to move, hopelessness, and disturbances in appetite, sleep, in concentrations and driving. Bipolar disorder is diagnosed if an episode of mania occurs whether depression has been diagnosed or not (Leiby,1988). Most commonly, individuals with manic episodes experience a period of depression. Symptoms include elated, expansive, or irritable mood, hyperactivity, pressure of speech, flight of ideas, inflated self esteem, decreased need for sleep, distractibility, and excessive involvement in reckless activities (Hollandsworth, Jr. 1990). Rarest symptoms were periods of loss of all interest and retardation or agitation (Gurman, 1991). As the National Depressive and Manic Depressive Association (MDMDA) has demonstrated, bipolar disorder can create substantial developmental delays, marital and family disruptions, occupational setbacks, and financial disasters. This devastating disease causes disruptions of families, loss of jobs and millions of dollars in cost to society. Many times bipolar patients report that the depressions are longer and increase in frequency as the individual ages. Many times bipolar states and psychotic states are misdiagnosed as schizophrenia. Speech patterns help distinguish between the two disorders (Turner,1989). The onset of Bipolar disorder usually occurs between the ages of 20 and 30 years of age, with a second peak in the mid-forties for women. A typical bipolar patient may experience eight to ten episodes in their lifetime. However, those who have rapid cycling may experience more episodes of mania and depression that succeed each other without a period of remission (DSM III-R). The three stages of mania begin with hypomania, in which patients report that they are energetic, extroverted and assertive (Hirschfeld, 1995). The hypomania state has led observers to feel that bipolar patients are addicted to their mania. Hypomania progresses into mania and the transition is marked by loss of judgment (Hirschfeld, 1995). Often, euphoric grandiose characteristics are displayed, and paranoid or irritable characteristics begin to manifest. The third stage of mania is evident when the patient experiences delusions with often-paranoid themes. Speech is generally rapid and hyperactive behavior manifests sometimes associated with violence (Hirschfeld, 1995). When both manic and depressive symptoms occur at the same time it is called a mixed episode. Those afflicted are a special risk because there is a combination of hopelessness, agitation, and anxiety that makes them feel like they could jump out of their skin(Hirschfeld, 1995). .u21f20354920be6874a419726cb165597 , .u21f20354920be6874a419726cb165597 .postImageUrl , .u21f20354920be6874a419726cb165597 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u21f20354920be6874a419726cb165597 , .u21f20354920be6874a419726cb165597:hover , .u21f20354920be6874a419726cb165597:visited , .u21f20354920be6874a419726cb165597:active { border:0!important; } .u21f20354920be6874a419726cb165597 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u21f20354920be6874a419726cb165597 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u21f20354920be6874a419726cb165597:active , .u21f20354920be6874a419726cb165597:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u21f20354920be6874a419726cb165597 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u21f20354920be6874a419726cb165597 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u21f20354920be6874a419726cb165597 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u21f20354920be6874a419726cb165597 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u21f20354920be6874a419726cb165597:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u21f20354920be6874a419726cb165597 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u21f20354920be6874a419726cb165597 .u21f20354920be6874a419726cb165597-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u21f20354920be6874a419726cb165597:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Maxis - Marketing Plan EssayUp to 50% of all patients with mania have a variety of depressed moods. Patients report feeling dysphoric, depressed, and unhappy; yet, they exhibit the energy associated with mania. Rapid cycling mania is another presentation of bipolar disorder. Mania may be present with four or more distinct episodes within a 12-month period. There is now evidence to

Persuasive essay examples

Persuasive essay examples that work for college in 2017 It Is About Time to Consider Plastic Surgery Socially Acceptable! The perception of beauty has changed throughout the story and varies from one culture to another. Regardless of the â€Å"trend†, there is always a growing need to conform to those standards, fit in, and being considered as beautiful. That explains why an increasing number of people, particularly young women, consider changing their appearance. With the evolution of the technology, the internet, and rise of celebrities, we are continually exposed to a wide array of advertisements for cosmetics, surgical procedures, fitness programs, and other factors that attract target demographics. Despite the fact the plastic surgery has been around for a long time, it is still a taboo and undergoing these procedures is frowned upon. The role and perception of beauty constantly change and although plastic surgery takes away the â€Å"natural look†, it is about time to deem these treatments socially acceptable. One of the most significant gains from undergoing plastic surgery is improved self-confidence. Contrary to the popular belief, strong desire to change appearance or correct some â€Å"flaw† usually in the facial area is not primarily caused by dysmorphophobia. Dysmorphophobia is defined as a preoccupation with an imagined defect regarding a person’s physical appearance. The decision to undergo a plastic surgery can be a rational, conscious move made by an individual with a desire to not only improve appearance but self-esteem at the same time. For example, some individuals have certain physical features with a tremendous impact on their overall quality of life such as skull deformations, excessive pigmentation, and many others. While some people, simply, learn to live with these features, others find it difficult to cope thus avoid social interactions. In these instances, the plastic surgery goes beyond removing these abnormalities; it provides a person the ability to h ave a normal life. Besides correcting abnormalities, plastic surgery is used for medical reasons such as to relieve a migraine or to cover up the damage caused by thermal burn, deep scars, and other injuries sustained in different kinds of accidents. In this case, plastic surgery helps patients restore the original appearance they had prior to the unfortunate event or improves the quality of life by relieving pain. When discussing the role of plastic surgery, it is important not to forget the fact it enhances one’s health condition, particularly for women with large breasts. Ladies who are faced with this issue experience mild to severe back pain and other symptoms; which is why breast reduction procedure poses as an ideal solution. Of course, there is always the risk of taking it too far and numerous are the cases wherein the individual becomes addicted to nips and tucks. It adds to the society’s perception of surgical procedures as unhealthy, unnecessary, and those who undergo them are branded as superficial. Nonetheless, we seem to underestimate the importance of letting people live their lives the way they see fit. Every individual has the right to improve his or her appearance and be happy and we have no say in someone else’s decisions. This is about accepting differences, we may not like plastic surgery and would never do such a thing, but it is important to accept someone else’s choices. Plastic surgery has been around for decades, but it still faces stigma. Although we live in the 21st century, it is still unacceptable to change the appearance, regardless of the reason. Society evolves just like beauty and if it makes someone happy, who are we to judge?

Midsummer Nights Dream

Two of Shakespeare’s greatest and well known works are A Midsummer Night’s Dream and Romeo and Juliet. In the two stories, there are many paralleled similarities that are very noticeable, and some that aren’t as noticeable. First and foremost, the two stories are about star crossed lovers, one with a single pair, being Romeo and Juliet, and the other with two pairs, Lysander and Hermia, and then Demetrius and Helena, though Demetrius sought after Hermia love until the love spell with put upon him. In Romeo and Juliet, their two families are long time rivals, so naturally they have a problem with them falling in love, and they are forbidden to be with one another. In Midsummer Night’s Dream, Lysander and Hermia are in love, but Hermia’s father forbids their matrimony and gives only Demetrius his daughter’s hand in marriage. This of course leads to their rebellion against their parents, and they find other means to see each other, whether they have permission or not. They all met in semi-secluded, but somewhat public places, Juliet’s window being one because Romeo could have easily been spotted, and the forest for Lysander and Hermia, where many people walked through and the f airies socialized.... Midsummer Night's Dream Free Essays on Romeo And Juliet/ Midsummer Night's Dream Two of Shakespeare’s greatest and well known works are A Midsummer Night’s Dream and Romeo and Juliet. In the two stories, there are many paralleled similarities that are very noticeable, and some that aren’t as noticeable. First and foremost, the two stories are about star crossed lovers, one with a single pair, being Romeo and Juliet, and the other with two pairs, Lysander and Hermia, and then Demetrius and Helena, though Demetrius sought after Hermia love until the love spell with put upon him. In Romeo and Juliet, their two families are long time rivals, so naturally they have a problem with them falling in love, and they are forbidden to be with one another. In Midsummer Night’s Dream, Lysander and Hermia are in love, but Hermia’s father forbids their matrimony and gives only Demetrius his daughter’s hand in marriage. This of course leads to their rebellion against their parents, and they find other means to see each other, whether they have permission or not. They all met in semi-secluded, but somewhat public places, Juliet’s window being one because Romeo could have easily been spotted, and the forest for Lysander and Hermia, where many people walked through and the f airies socialized....

Why Was America Taken by Surprise on 11 September 2001 Essay

Why Was America Taken by Surprise on 11 September 2001 - Essay Example The country itself is guarded by strong defenses. With a land army of total weapons of 56,269, air power of 18, 234 aircrafts and naval power of 2,834 ships1 she has become a symbol of military might. Furthermore, with a resilient intelligence network comprising of CIA, the country is apparently able to keep threats away. The story of 9/11 developed very interestingly. On the morning of September 11, 2001 four commercial planes were hijacked by terrorists affiliated with Al-Qaeda, an Islamic extremist group. The number of terrorists was expected to be around 19 that carried suicide attacks in three different places. The first two planes crashed into the World Trade Center in New York, the third destructed a part of the Pentagon while the fourth crashed in a field of Pennsylvania. This was a massive and atrocious attack on the land of America causing immense collateral damage.2 Who would have expected the day when America crippled into the depths of shock and horror with strong defens ive shields mentioned above. A major chunk of the American economy flourishing in the WTC was deflated. The Pentagon that is the central decision making body of the country was so vulnerable and the trans-border security on the airports was so weak that no one could keep a check on any unusual activities. All of these loopholes resulted in the death of more than 3000 civilians3 on 9/11. When the episode of 9/11 is dug deep, one comes across a lot of questions. For instance, why did a non-state actor attack America? How did it get the capability to penetrate inside the country? Was there an insider involved? Does it prove the failure of President George W. Bush’s administration or was it another excuse to wage war like the Pearl Harbor attack in 1941? All of these questions have affected the lives of Americans itself. Right after the country was attacked, President George W. Bush declared war on terror and put forward a proposal of â€Å"either you are with us or them (terror ists)† before the world making states choose between the devil and the deep blue sea. President Bush invested heavily to wage the war against Osama Bin Laden, the culprit responsible for planning and executing the attacks. He started off with bombarding Afghanistan in 2001 which hasn’t stopped yet even after a decade. The attacks had huge impact on the lives of each and every American. If one goes back in time, he will realize that the impact was equally large six decades ago when the Empire of Japan attacked Pearl Harbor toppling U.S Navy on the Hawaiian coast. Like 9/11, the attack on Pearl Harbor came as a surprise and both the attacks took approximately 3000 lives. On the second day of the attack President Roosevelt declared war on Japan starting World War II4. It was the first time ever in the history of mankind that a nuclear bomb was dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Similarly, President Bush announced to hunt down every terrorist in the world right after the WT C crippled. Hence, the defense budget started increasing at the cost of human lives. The most striking and ironic fact about these two attacks was that both the Presidents knew about them in advance. They knew that their country was under threat and could be attacked at any moment. It was in a newspaper on 30th November 1941 that warned of Japanese strike on the American homeland when the naval fleet came under attack on 7th December 1941. The President was questioned regarding knowledge of the attack beforehand. It was later investigated and revealed that it was the President himself and some members of his administration that delayed the conveyance of the warning messages given by the United Kingdom to Hawaii. 5 President

Make own topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Make own topic - Essay Example Recycling has been used by many modern environmentalists as a tool of waste management (Short, 2004, 21). However despite all the benefits that are associated with recycling I would wish to say that this is not the best idea to end the problem of garbage disposal. Understand the behavior of human beings we can not only rely on recycling as the measure to manage garbage disposal. People will keep consuming from time to time which has the implication the garbage disposal will continue to be there so long as what to be consumed is available (Short, 2004, 22). The reason as to why am saying this is because; recycling has lowered the cost of production in many manufacturing plants. This has on the other hand resulted to low cost of consumer products which are packed with non-degradable materials. The outcome of this is that, more and more garbage continues to be disposed instead of getting reduced (Rogers, 2002, 60). Every economy in the world is singing the music of sustainable development. I feel that having sustainable development will not only be achieved by recycling the waste materials. We need to use the already available raw materials in a manner that will ensure their existence without getting exhausted. Many business enterprises have taken the advantage of recycling as it is a cheap way of making consumer goods (Pellow, 2000, 230). The cheaper products which are made through recycling are lasting for short time before they lose their value. This has increased the rate of consumption since for an individual satisfy his needs or wants must use plenty of that product. This in turn has led to increased garbage disposal as the waste from recycled products is also increasing. As the garbage disposal increase most county councils are reluctant to transport these materials to the respective places for recycling. Therefore, for economies to achieve sustainable development, the stakeholders shou ld change their mind

The Relationship Between Extroversion And Physiological Measures Psychology Essay

The Relationship Between Extroversion And Physiological Measures Psychology Essay There has been a substantial research into the relationship between how extroverted an individual is and their physiological measures (Eysenck, 1967, cited in Martin, Carlson, Buskist, 2007). Many studies have been carried out across the world to investigate this relationship and how environment and genetics can contribute to extroversion within individuals. The present study looked at the relationship between extraversion and physiological measures in Psychology undergraduate students in the UK. No significant correlation was found between extroversion and heart rate or extroversion and galvanic skin response. The relationship between extroversion and physiological measures in university students There has been much research into the relationship between arousal in response to a number of different tasks in both introverts and extroverts. Eysenck (1967) (cited in Martin, Carlson, Buskist, 2007) suggested extroversion is a reflection of the state we do not show within our central nervous system (CNS). He stated that happiness and sociability were two of the main traits associated with extroversion. In a study investigating happiness and extroversion in undergraduate students, it was found that the two were significantly correlated. These differences support the idea that introverts are different to extroverts in that extroverts seek out more stimulating environments. The present study set out to investigate further into this idea by looking at the relationship between extroversion and physiological measures in Psychology students at a university in the UK. Studies into the origins of extroversion within an individual have been widely conducted to understand why a person may be so extroverted or introverted; heritability seems to play a large contributing factor. In a study comparing monozygotic twins and dizygotic twins, monozygotic twins were shown to give the most alike results with 70% of the twins tested, being similarly extrovert (Zuckerman, 1991, cited in Martin, Carlson, Buskist, 2007). This study does not support the idea that extroverts are affected by their environment unlike most research into extroversion, it simply states that genetics are the cause. Similar studies to this report have supported previous research like into whether biological factors differ within introverts and extroverts. A study into physiological measures and extroversion was carried out in Singapore where the results showed lower extroversion scores were correlated with heightened cardiovascular reactivity while higher extroversion scores were correlated with lower cardiovascular reactivity. The study also found that higher extroversion was linked to lower cardiovascular reactivity during stress tasks and seemed to affect how individuals express and cope with anger (Jonassaint et al., 2009). This study helps to support the notion that Eysenck proposed which says that introverts are more likely to feel uncomfortable in a stimulating situation, in this case cardiovascular activity, whereas extroverts are more likely to enjoy and seek out such environments. Heart rate and skin responses have also been significantly associated with male students performing a visu al vigilance task who were measured on the Eysenck personality inventory as introverts (Gange, Geen, Harkins, 1979). Research has also found differences in the brain between extroverts and introverts. In a study looking into whether there is a correlation between extroversion and blood flow when smelling unpleasant and pleasant odours, the part of the brain known as the amygdala in the temporal lobe, was strongly correlated with cerebral blood flow and higher extroversion scores when exposed to the pleasant odour (Vaidya et al., 2007). This piece of research supports the idea that extroverts are genetically different to introverts as they enjoyed the experience of the pleasant odour more than introverts did and their brain activation within the temporal lobe further supported this idea. Other studies have further supported how the environment, not genetics, may affect both introverts and extroverts and how they react differently. In a study investigating the effect of background music and noise on completing tasks in introverts and extroverts, it was found that introverts performed better overall on each task except one, and introverts appeared to be more affected by the presence of everyday music and noise than extroverts. (Cassidy MacDonald, 2007). Introverts are also more likely to respond more quickly to louder noise bursts than extroverts who tend to respond equally rapidly to varying noise intensities (Britt Blumenthal, 1991). These studies supports Eysenckà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s theory, which says that people whose brains are over-aroused, will find stimulating situations uncomfortable, and they will seek out quieter environments. Although this idea seems to be strongly supported, a study which researched Eysencks (1953) hypothesis of a relationship between extraversion and sympathetic nervous system activity used 42 undergraduate students and the outcome was not quite the same. These students were exposed to fear arousing conditions and their heart rate and galvanic skin response (GVR) were measured during this time (Small, 1976). Although you would expect a relationship, no significant correlation was found. This piece of research disconfirms Eysenckà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s hypothesis and this may be due to individual differences. In other words, maybe some extroverts are not under aroused and are actually over aroused, or maybe Eysenckà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s personality questionnaire is not as accurate in its outcomes as we may think when measuring personality. Although studies have been conducted in this area of research, the piece of research in this report was carried out to further provide support for this area of study. The relationship between extraversion and physiological measures was tested on Psychology undergraduate students at a university in the UK. It used a questionnaire designed to measure extroversion within an individual and a short maths test which was provided to cause the participants CNS to go into a state of high arousal. Based on previous findings, the hypotheses were that there would be a strong negative correlation between extroversion and heart rate and a strong negative correlation between extroversion and galvanic skin response. Method Participants Participants were 167 psychology students aged 18-65 studying at the University of Chester in Cheshire. The measures were taken from the sex ratio 1:4 males: females and the study used a stratified sampling method. Participants were treated in accordance with BPS guidelines and informed consent was obtained from each participant before taking part. Materials and apparatus The materials used included record sheets to write down the results for each participant, the maths task comprising of ten questions, rising in difficulty, using +,-,x and / operators, the Biopac (Biopac MP30 unit) with elecrodes (SS2L and SS3L leads to measure heart rate and GSR), the EPQ consisting of 23 questions which was filled out before the physiological measures were measured and a stopwatch to time each participant for 3 minutes completing the maths task. Procedure After initially consenting to take part in the research, students were given a 23 item questionnaire to complete, designed to measure how extroverted they are as people. Once completed, students were attached to BIOPAC consisting of electrodes being attached to the wrist, fingers and ankles which measured galvanic skin response and heart rate and given a maths task to complete, designed to get harder as you progressed in a small laboratory room for three minutes. They were timed using a stopwatch by another participant who had already taken part outside of the laboratory room. Once timed, results were taken from a ninety second interval of the three minutes and the mean was calculated using the BIOPAC software. The means were written down, both for heart rate and GSR. Design and analysis This was a repeated measures study. Participants took part in both the easy and difficult task. Heart rate and galvanic skin response were measured whilst the difficult task was being completed. Results Average heart rate scores from 137 participants were correlated with their EPQ scores using a Pearson correlation. This was conducted using SPSS v.20. The scatterplot is shown in Figure 1 below: The Pearson test showed no correlation between average heart rate scores and EPQ scores and the result was found to not be statistically significant. (r(137)=-0.049, p=0.567). Total EPQ scores from the 137 participants were also correlated with average GSR scores using a Pearson correlation. The scatterplot is shown in Figure 2 below: The Pearson test showed no correlation between average GSR scores and EPQ scores and the result was found to not be statistically significant. (r(137)=0.020, p=0.820). Discussion The results showed no significant correlation between extroversion and heart rate and so the null hypothesis could not be rejected. The correlation between extroversion and galvanic skin response was also not significantly correlated and so the null hypothesis was accepted. This study does not lend support to the findings of previous studies in this area of research into extroversion and physiological measures. A study Singapore mentioned in the introduction of this report found that extroverts were linked to lower cardiovascular reactivity during stress tasks and this seemed to affect how these particular individuals expressed and coped with anger (Jonassaint et al., 2009). Contrasting even further with the findings of this study, heart rate and skin responses have also been strongly correlated with students performing a visual endurance task who were scored on the EPI as introverts (Gange, Geen, Harkins, 1979). However some studies have also provided no support for the hypothesis of physiological measures being linked to extroversion. Small (1976), studied students exposed to fear arousing conditions whilst their heart rate and GVR was measured. He found no significant correlation, supporting the notion that extroversion does not correlate with physiological measures within different individuals. In addition to biological factors not always differing between introverts and extroverts, the environment playing an important role has also been criticised. In a study investigating the effect of familiar everyday or verbal noises on the cognitive performance of introverts and extraverts, no significant correlation was found (Avila, Furnham, McClelland, 2012). This piece of research provides evidence of there being no clear correlation between extroverts and introverts differing physiologically. Although the results did not provide significant hypotheses to support the notion that extroversion and physiological measures correlate, care must be taken with research that does support this idea. The direction of causality may be difficult to establish within this area of research. Physiological measures may not be caused by extroversion but other underlying factors. In a study by Cassidy MacDonald, 2007, introverts appeared to be more affected by the presence of everyday music and noise when completing written tasks than extroverts. However studies similar to this trigger issues as the outcome of results may not have been due to extroversion, but other personality traits of the participants. For example it may simply be that an individual may struggle to complete tasks or write when there is noise or music in the background. In this study extroversion was measured beforehand but there is a possibility that the results they obtained may have been due to demand characteristics wh ereby a participant may have wanted to look more sociable than they actually are. This would make them score highly on an extroversion scale but in reality they are much quieter and so should have been scored as an introvert. This would cause the piece of research to lack validity. In order to make this study more reliable, another study contained different participants should be carried out to ensure that similar results are obtained. Although the present study in this report contained a good sample size and had individuals from different age groups as its participants, it did not provide enough evidence to support the theory that extroversion causes an individual to enjoy stimulating environments, which in this case was the maths test. However, the findings in this report do lend support to the idea that extroversion and physiological measures are not strongly linked to one another (e.g. by Small, 1976). Overall, findings in this area of research lend support to the notion of encouraging children to become confident from a young age. For example, the more extroverted a person is, the more likely they are to be sociable and talk to others before a job interview and the more desirable they seem to be during such an interview (Caldwell Burger, 1998). In conclusion the present study found no significant correlation between extroversion and physiological measures in university students aged 18-65 in the UK and so cannot support Eysencks theory of extroversion. Future research into physiological measures and personality traits could be carried out to help support Eysencks theory; research into personality types as well as extroversion and individual traits could help to see which personality types cause certain physiological measures as well as particular traits more specifically. This could enable us to understand what truly causes a person to be an extrovert or an introvert, whether the answer lie in heritability and genetics, or the environment itself.

Reasons for the Increase in Housing Profits in India

Reasons for the Increase in Housing Profits in India 3y josalonso The recent global economic recession has generated many problems worldwide, such as increased unemployment, lack of consumer confidence and reductions in salaries and wages. in India, Delhi and Mumbai are among nine cities which have seen marginal increase in house prices in the July-September quarter with Kochi topping the chart, a latest National Housing Bank (NHB) survey showed on Friday. Prices in Delhi rose 3. 8% from the previous quarter while Mumbai posted an increase of 0. %. Kochi recorded the sharpest rise with a increase in the September quarter. Low interest rates, the amount borrowers paid to lenders for the ability to use the money, would cause a shift in demand, the skill and Willingness to consume a commodity, below (Figure I, D to 01). This iS because consumers are inspired to borrow extra, that would lead to increased spending. Consequently, the equilibrium should move from A to S, emerging in an incr ease in price(P to P I) and an increase in demand.Furthermore, low Interest rates should lead to lower mortgage repayments, hence ermitting homecuners, normally predicted to vend their residences during a recession, to no longer doing so. An inwards shift In the supply ot homes would be caused(below). the skill and willingness to furnish a cornmodlty, as less proprietors select to vend their houses. changing the equilibrium. the worth should rise from PO to Pt. Overall. the change in worth (PO to P2) should number to 3. 8% it was predicted that after there is a development in attention rates in the upcoming month . he housing marketplace could experience little falls in average price. This is because as attention rates rise. there is a higher tendency to save than spend. Thus. the demand would shifts inwards Also. homecaners could favor to vend their houses because of higher mortgages, making the supply move outwards . A upcoming rise in attention rates could alter desperate stakeho lders in assorted ways, Those who have elevated mortgage repayments could vend their residences and pursue to find smaller and cheaper housing, Consequently, the demand for small residences could rise, as emand for larger residences could decrease.The article presents the soon housing Will fall more This iS upheld by the anticipation Of higher attention rates. Also, because customer assurance iS IOW' due to the globe commercial recession, after supply catches up alongside demand, it could be said that the benefits will not go any further. Hence, an economists should say that it is most probable that the benefits will fall. In supply, the rise of worth added tax In January back to the preceding rate of 17. 6 , should cause there to be an Increase In employment to compensate for the higher prices. Thus, less customers should be able and keen to buy new residences and demand should drop, leading to The article states the reasons for why India houseing profits increased by 3. 8%. In con clusion, the article is precise in its Justification, the prices of housing in india has to reach the equilibrium point or els falls will continue to occur. As well as the government would need to implement price floors or celaings.

Bd Railway

Organization Behavior of Bangladesh Railway In: Social Issues Organization Behavior of Bangladesh Railway An Assignment ON Organization behavior Submitted To: Dr. Syeda Lasna Kabir Associate Professor Dept. of Public Administration University of Dhaka. Submitted By: Md. Rajvi Hasan Roll No: MM–098 4th Year; 7th Semester Dept. of Public Administration University of Dhaka. Submission Date: 16th May 2011. Assignment topic A Research on Bangladesh Railway [pic] ? Introduction: Roads & Railways Division is one of the important Divisions in the Government under the Ministry of Communication.Ministry of Communication comprises two Divisions, 1. Roads & Railways Division and 2. Bridges Division. Roads & Railways Division shoulders a vast task and plays a vital role in socio-economic development of our country. It governs the Departments/Organizations which are playing very important roles in building our new nation. These are : (1) Roads & Highways Department (RHD), (2) Bangladesh Rai lway, (3) Bangladesh Road Transport Authority (BRTA), (4) Bangladesh Road Transport corporation (BRTC), (5) Dhaka Transport Co-ordination Board and (6) The office of the Government Inspector of Bangladesh Railways (GIBR).The principal motto of this Division is to ensure improvement of socio-economic condition of the people of our country through formulating policies regarding roads, road transports and railways and through construction, development, expansion and maintenance of environment-friendly and user-friendly integrated roads and railway transportation. Bangladesh Railway (BR) is the state-owned rail transport agency of Bangladesh. It operates and maintains the entire railway network of the country.Railway operation in today's Bangladesh began on November 15, 1862 when 53. 11 kilometers of 5  ft  6  in  (1,676  mm) (broad gauge) line were opened for traffic between Darsana and Jagiti. The next 14. 98 kilometers 1,000  mm  (3  ft  3  3? 8  in) (meter gaug e) line was opened for traffic on 4 January 1885. In 1891, the construction of then Bengal Assam Railway was taken up by the British Government assistance but that was later on taken over by the Bengal Assam Railway Company.On 1 July 1895, two sections of meter gauge lines were opened between Chittagong and Comilla, a length of 149. 89 kilometers and between Laksam and Cahndpur, a length of 50. 89 kilometers. Railway Companies formed in England took up the construction and operation of these sections in middle and late 19th century. At time of the partition of India in 1947, Bengal-Assam Railway was split up and the portion of the system, about 2,603. 92 kilometers fell within the boundary of then East Pakistan and control remained with the central Government of Pakistan.Later with the effect from 1 February 1961, Eastern Bengal Railway was renamed as Pakistan Eastern Railway. Then in 1962, the control of Pakistan Eastern Railway was transferred from the Central Government to the Go vernment of East Pakistan and placed under the management of a Railway Board with the effect from the financial year 1962-63 by the presidential Order of 9 June 1962. As of 2005, the total length of railroad is 2,855 kilometres.Of that, 660  km are broad gauge tracks (mostly in the western region), 1,830  km are metre gauge tracks (mostly in the central and eastern regions) and 365  km are dual gauge tracks The gauge problem is being tackled by adding third rails to the most important broad and metre gauge routes, so that they become dual gauge. A major road-rail bridge at Jamuna opened in 1998 to connect the previously detached east and west rail networks. On March 2008, the broad gauge reached Dhaka, the national capital. Funding is being sought to upgrade the network and transform Bangladesh Railway into a profitable business.BR exceeded its target revenue earnings in the fiscal year 2007-2008. Bangladesh Railway provides various types of services ranging from shuttle servi ce for university students to freight and cargo service. But still BR could not make profit as it is providing services to the nation at a subsidised rate in order to help the country's economy and for the ease of people. Objective: The objectives of this study are 1) To understand & evaluate the departmentalization of the BR. 2) To know the Spam of Control system of this organization. 3) To analyze the applicability of the theory of ‘Job Specialization’ in this selected organization.Rationale of the study: We have to overview the internal coordinating mechanism, internal environment & the technology, age and the size of the organization. Because without knowing these features we can’t evaluate an organization’s hierarchy, efficiency, working environment in true sense. Research Question: The questions which will lead us to the research: 1. How does the span of control will work in BR? 2. What is the departmentalization of BR? 3. How job specialization is o ccurred? Hypothesis: On which the research are based on: 1. If it is a bureaucratic structure then the job specialization, departmentalization will be strict. . If it is a matrix structure, then job specialization, departmentalization will be much flexible than the previous one Research Methodology: 1. Content Analysis which is most common method for all types of research. The related books, publications, newspapers, internet sources etc have given information about the total scenario of the organization. 2. I have interviewed few officials to understand the situation of that org. Area of focus: The area we are focusing on: Bangladesh Railway Head Office, Top khana, Dhaka. And, Bangladesh Railway Administrative Building,Kamlapur, Dhaka. Limitations of the study: 1. I had very little time to complete this study. 2. I did not have enough experience to do such studies. 3. As the data are collected from key informants at their working hours, there is chance of not receiving exact accura te information 4. I faced non cooperation from some of the employees. †¢ Chapterization: 1. Introduction: The railway department is a semi-autonomous organization under the The Ministry of Communications. This study intends to find out the internal coordinating mechanism, how does it cope with the external environment.The whole system of communication, tasks, coordinating mechanism prevails around organizational structure. Job specialization & departmentalization are the two vital features of organization. And these two are hugely depended on that. If it follows a bureaucratic structure, then the job specialization & departmentalization will be as rigid as the bureaucracy. And if it follows a matrix structure, then it will be more open to the environment. 2. Theoretical Framework: In this study, we will try to define these with the following theories: Job Specialization:The method of job specialization involves breaking down a task to its lowest level and designing jobs around each part. This creates specialization, expertise, and improved quality. Job specialization design in the workplace is frequently seen in manufacturing and assembly lines where a worker focuses on one specific task and ability during the entire work shift. The task frequently repeats all day long. Specialization is the process of performing a certain task which makes a person be in limited in performing other activities out of work she/he is specializes purposely.Job descriptions are written statements that describe the: †¢ duties, †¢ responsibilities, †¢ most important contributions and outcomes needed from a position, †¢ required qualifications of candidates, and †¢ Reporting relationship and coworkers of a particular job. Job descriptions are based on objective information obtained through job analysis, an understanding of the competencies and skills required to accomplish needed tasks, and the needs of the organization to produce work. Job descriptions c learly identify and spell out the responsibilities of a specific job.Job descriptions also include information about working conditions, tools, equipment used, knowledge and skills needed, and relationships with other positions. The best job descriptions are living, breathing documents that are updated as responsibilities change. The best job descriptions do not limit employees, but rather, cause them to stretch their experience, grow their skills, and develop their ability to contribute within their organization. Departmentalization: Departmentalization refers to the process of grouping activities into departments.Division of labor creates specialists who need coordination. This coordination is facilitated by grouping specialists together in departments. The main types of departmentalization are- †¢ Functional departmentalization – Grouping activities by functions performed. Activities can be grouped according to function (work being done) to pursue economies of scale b y placing employees with shared skills and knowledge into departments for example human resources, IT, accounting, manufacturing, logistics, and engineering.Functional departmentalization can be used in all types of organizations. †¢ Product departmentalization – Grouping activities by product line. Tasks can also be grouped according to a specific product or service, thus placing all activities related to the product or the service under one manager. Each major product area in the corporation is under the authority of a senior manager who is specialist in, and is responsible for, everything related to the product line. LA Gear is an example of company that uses product departmentalization. Its structure s based on its varied product lines which include women’s footwear, children’s footwear and men’s’ footwear. †¢ Customer departmentalization – Grouping activities on the basis of common customers or types of customers. Jobs may be grouped according to the type of customer served by the organization. The assumption is that customers in each department have a common set of problems and needs that can best be met by specialists. The sales activities in an office supply firm can be broken down into three departments that serve retail, wholesale and government accounts. Geographic departmentalization – Grouping activities on the basis of territory. If an organization's customers are geographically dispersed, it can group jobs based on geography. For example, the organization structure of Coca-Cola has reflected the company’s operation in two broad geographic areas – the North American sector and the international sector, which includes the Pacific Rim, the European Community, Northeast Europe, Africa and Latin America groups. †¢ Process departmentalization – Grouping activities on the basis of product or service or customer flow.Because each process requires different skills, proce ss departmentalization allows homogenous activities to be categorized. For example, the applicants might need to go through several departments namely validation, licensing and treasury, before receiving the driver’s license. Span of control: The span of control refers to number of employees that directly report to a single manager. Span of control determines the structure of an organization, a narrow span of control results in hierarchal organization while broad span of control leads to flat structure.Since management represents the activities that do not directly result in productivity, they are rather a overhead, span of control determines the additional operational cost. Quantitatively,  companywide overhead can be calculated by dividing the total number of management staff with the size of organization. Span of control formulation What is an optimal ratio of manger to direct reports without compromising the productivity? It is a fundamental problem in designing the str ucture of an organization; empirically this range is pretty wide, from 4 to 22 depending upon the nature of work.In 1933, V. A. Graicunas, a paris based consultant formulated the span of control based on number of direct and indirect relationships that a superior has to manage. Graicunas identified three types of relationships: 1. Number of direct relationships between manager and subordinate, it represents the span of control. 2. Number of peer-to-peer relationships, it represent issues due to interpersonal conflicts. Note that each pair of peers represent 2 relationships and not 1, if there are two subordinates, dick and jane, dick might have different concern for jane than jane’s concern for dick.Hence for a manger, they represent 2 different set of problems and not one. 3. Data analysis ; data presentation: Bangladesh Railway is one of the most efficient ; large departments of GOB. Since the Department was founded the size of the major rail network in Bangladesh has grown . The Department is headed by a Director General who is supported by a number of officers. The total number of personnel in the Department is almost 35,000. It’s a huge number for any organization. To control this kind of large organizations, one needs to have very strong Span of control or line of authority. BR has that. pic] After independence, the railway was first supervised by a Railway Board which was abolished in 1982. Thereafter, the BR came under the jurisdiction of the Railway Division of the Ministry of Communications with the Secretary of the Division working as the Director General of BR. In 1995, instead of being the part of the Ministry, BR came under control of a professional Director General supervised by the Bangladesh Railway Authority that is chaired by the Minister of Communications. As the part of the Bureaucracy, BRfollows the BURREAUCRATIC STRUCTURE, which refers to the Tall Organization.According to the concept it is appropriate for Bureaucratic Organ izations. But, it causes some disadvantages too. DEPARTMENTALIZATION can be described as grouping employees on the basis of the similarity of expertise, knowledge. It enhances the success rate of an organization. As BR is a huge organization, it’s divided into several departments on the basis of the similar functions. BR is divided into two zones, East ; West, each under control of a general manager who is accountable to the Director General of Bangladesh Railway. The two zones have their separate departments or operation, maintenance, and finances. Each zone is divided into two divisions that contain departments for Personnel, Transportation, Commercial, Finance Mechanical, Way and Works Signaling ; Telecommunication, Electrical, Medical, etc. Each zone also has its Workshop Divisions, located at Pahartali and Saidpur, respectively. A locomotive workshop is located at Parbatipur for broad and metre gauge locomotives. BR manages its own Railway Training Academy. A separate Di rectorate under the Ministry of Communications is charged to inspect different works of BR in relation to safety.Job Specialization is the process of performing a certain task which makes a person be in limited in performing other activities out of work she/he is specializes purposely. It enables employees to become very skilled ; productive at their assigned task. Another motive of departmentalization is to ensure job specialization. It is usually seen that every department of an organization is assigned to those functions or tasks at which they are expert. The downside of job specialization tends to be that people can only do one task. They aren’t trained to multitask or handle multiple areas of a workplace.As a result, when a critical expertise is lost, the process can suffer. Additionally, workers under job specialization don’t have a wide array of applicable skills, so it becomes hard for them to adapt to a new function or need in the organization. It creates mono poly this means after specialization certain field of work may lead into boredom to the worker. Efficient administration of BR is also hindered by lack of rules and regulations that have been approved by the Board but are awaiting Government approval as well. Which creates delay to the recruitment process. Conclusion:Removing the old shield, the whole world is intending to get more modernized. But still we are following the hundreds years old ‘Bureaucracy system’ which has caused nothing but losses. Being a Bureaucratic organization or part BR is no different. They are still following the traditional bureaucratic model with no flexibility. Everything in the organization prevails according to the law ; regulation. Job specialization or departmentalization is fixed. They can’t work out of it, even in an emergency. There is little chance for the subordinates to present their ideas or opinions by crossing seniors.They maintain a very strict line of authority, where m anagers have the supreme authority. This may be the traditional bureaucratic role. But it has to change according to the needs of this millennium. As like the private organizations RHD officials should be given more freedom, authorization to take faster decision. Only then the organizational goal of customer satisfaction can be achieved. Reference: 1. http://www. railway. gov. bd 2. Class lectures 3. Railway Information book 4. Mr. Ahsanullah Bhuiyan, Deputy Director, Bangladesh Railway. 5. Mr. Sarwar Alam, Asstt. Commercial Officer, Bangladesh Railway. [pic]

As We Are Now by May Sarton Still Alice by Lisa Genova Book Review

As We Are Now by May Sarton The novel as we are now by May Sarton is about Caroline Spencer a 76 year old woman who is a retired school teacher. The novel revolves around the realities of aging and death. Caro, as she is referred to in the novel, suffers a heart attack and is therefore deposited in a nursing home known as Twin Elms located in rural England. Caro is need of short term care, however, this translates to long term care and she is forced to stay in the nursing home for a considerably longer period of time than was supposed to be. The nursing home is under staffed; the health conditions are of a low standard. Caro is able to survive in the nursing home by keeping a diary where she records the daily occurrences. She puts efforts to try and forward complains in relation to the conditions in the nursing home. The reception of her grievances is received negatively because she is cruelly treated by the head of the nursing home. She faces a lot of cruelty from the head nurse and this is what makes her to s et the nursing home on fire killing herself and other patients as well. This novel has several imperative themes that have major impact on the society and the world at large. The novel shows how aging is entangled with a lot of challenges. Caro is placed in a long term care in the nursing home which she does not need. This gives the implication that relatives and friends disown a person when approaching the aging stage of life. This is basically what happens in the society and Sarton has been quite thorough in addressing the issue. In the current society, the aged will be put in confined places as if they were not part of the society. Programs to cater for the rights of the aged should be set up to cater for the challenges they face. Once placed in the Twin Elms nursing home, Caro faces a lot of cruelty from the head nurse. She is so frustrated because her efforts to improve the conditions in the nursing are not seen. This is what happens in the society, once the aged are deposited in the nursing homes, it is not guaranteed that they will receive the best care possible. On the contrary, the aged in the nursing homes face worse conditions than what they could have experienced if left to stay in close proximity to the society. The problems that Caro faces while at the nursing are a good reflection of what happens in the society. The problems have become prevalent and efforts to address them have proven futile. Sarton has highlighted these problems from the experiences of Caro in the nursing home. Frustrations in life can result to outcomes that may have adverse effects to the society. Sarton gives the case of Caro as a perfect example of a person who causes the death of many people including herself as a way of overcoming the frustrations she has in life. These occurrences can be reflected back to the society where people will tend to find ways through which they can let out their frustrations. Aged people who are frustrated in the society may be involved in actions in the society that may not be ethically right such as taking away lives just as Caro does. These actions develop as means of airing out their grievances to the society in a way that would alert the society of their needs to be loved and be socially accepted (Dass 2001). The outcomes of actions from such people may be displeasing but it is up to the society to take care of its people especially the aged, to counter the occurrence of such situations. As people age in the society, nursing homes should not be the first priority for them. The nursing homes may be the worst that could happen for these people. From the case of Caro in the novel, the nursing home proves to be a hell that she never knew would become part of her life at old age. Old age is therefore surrounded by many challenges especially loneliness and solitude. Loneliness is the poverty of self; solitude is richness of self (Sarton 1973). The old people in the society are considered as outcasts and for this reason they are discriminated against. Caro does not require to be in the long term care program in the nursing home but because of her old age, she is deposited into the program by her relatives. Relatives should be the ones on the first lane to take care of the aged but the novel proves otherwise. The situations that arise around the aged life of Caro are a true reflection of what is happening in the society. Sarton has described the conditions at the Twin Elms nursing home in a very displeasing way. This image is exactly similar to the one in the society where the nursing homes for the aged are in very bad conditions. The picture has been clearly painted where the nursing home had very few staff members and lacked enough equipment. This gives the implication that the needs of the aged in the society have not been fully put into consideration. They have been exposed to living conditions that are inhumane. No one in the society is ready to address the issue and this is what prompts Caro to take the cruel action against herself and those around her. We have to dare to be ourselves, however frightening or strange that self may prove to be (Sarton 1973). The society should be in a position to address the problem faced by the aged by ensuring that they are provided for the best living conditions not only in the nursing homes but at home as well. Still Alice by Lisa Genova Still Alice is a book written by Lisa Genova about a 49 year old woman, Alice Howland, a Harvard psychology professor. She has three children and a husband. Her life is good until she is diagnosed with a disease known as Alzheimer. This is a disease of forgetfulness. Alice’ perfect life is disrupted. She changes from being a high achieving teacher, wife and mother to a confused, disoriented person. This disease takes tall on her thus cannot go on with her career. She is therefore taken to the Harvard Square where she is visited daily for twenty five years. Lisa Genova’s novel highly concentrates on the success of a person in this case Alice during her adulthood. She is a Harvard psychology professor therefore reflecting on her success. This shows that her educational background was one filled with achievements. This is every adult’s dream-to achieve and be successful in life. It is quite evident following from Lisa’s description that Alice was an achiever. Her adult life is reflected upon by her success in life and also the life that she lives. At first Alice thinks that the forgetfulness is due to menopause. She is afraid of facing the reality just like any other person would. After achieving and reaching the point that she has, it is hard to accept that she is sick. Her future is one which entails confusion, disorientation and forgetfulness. For an adult who had that much success and in the end falling sick, not enjoying the fruits of their work is quite unfortunate. She has to agree to the fact that she is sick which appears to be a challenge to her. The Alzheimer disease leads to Alice loosing her job, independence, clarity and contact with the world. During ones adult life this is termed as a catastrophe. Being that she put in all her effort in her studies just to come and be affected by a disease which disrupts her perfect life is despicable. It is frustrating as it appears as though her success is useless. If the disease was due to ageing that would be understandable but being 49 years of age, Alice is still young though not that young. Normally symptoms like forgetfulness and confusion are displayed by the ageing people. Mostly they experience this in the late 80s onwards. This fact shows that Alice’ disease is not due to ageing as she is still young. Conclusion The two novels tend to focus on the realities associated to aging in the society. Aging should not be treated as a vice to the society as is the case in Sarton’s novel, â€Å"Äs We Are Now†. Aging should be considered as part of the human lifecycle and should be therefore be embraced as it approaches. From the novel, Still Alice by Lisa Genova, the protagonist, Alice, does not want to face the reality of aging. Aging is natural and should hence not be shunned away because it is an aspect of life beyond the life of mankind. Both novels highlight on the major issues concerned with aging and the problems that arise when people approach old age. Sarton shows the problems that the aged experience. The society should therefore behave in a way that is contrary to the occurrences in the novel. Reference: May S. (1973). As We Are Now, New York: W.W. Norton Publishers. Genova L. (2007). Still Alice, New York: iUniverse. Dass R. (2001). Still Here: Embracing Aging,Changing and Dying, London: Riverhead Books.